Cover photo by Alan Manson.

Find this species in the FBIS database (Freshwater Biodiversity Information System) here.

Family Libellulidae

Identification

Medium sized

Length up to 45mm; Wingspan attains 64mm.

Both sexes are distinctive and easily identified.

Adult males have a darker blue-grey colouration when compared to many other Orthetrum males. Male Spectacled Skimmers also show two diagnostic black rings (spectacles) on the white frons. This trait is also present in immature males and females. Note that the ‘spectacles’ may be less obvious in females. Orthetrum abbotti (Little Skimmer) also has ‘spectacles’ on the frons, but the markings are less distinct and the frons is greyish rather than clear white. Orthetrum abbotti is also noticeably smaller.

Immature males and females are boldly patterned in black and yellow. They also show diagnostic, broad black markings along the top of the abdomen.

Click here for more details on identification.

Habitat

The Spectacled Skimmer inhabits standing waters, especially swamps, marshes and floodplains. It favours sites with shallow water and a rich growth of emergent grasses, sedges and forbs. They can sometimes also be found at man-made dams that provide suitable habitat.

Behaviour

The Spectacled Skimmer perches prominently on grass stems. It takes short flights to hunt prey, often returning to the same perch. Spectacled Skimmers are voracious hunters and frequently take large prey, including other dragonflies as large as themselves. Males and females are usually found in the same vicinity. The Spectacled Skimmer is fairly tame and confiding.

Status and Conservation

The Spectacled Skimmer is somewhat scarce and localised. It is listed as of Least Concern in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. The Spectacled Skimmer has benefited from small man-made impoundments on rivers that offer suitable marshy habitats. Its natural marsh habitat is under threat in some areas due to expanding agriculture.

Distribution

The Spectacled Skimmer is found throughout most of sub-Saharan Africa and Madagascar. It is absent only from the arid regions of north-east Africa and the drier parts of southern Africa.

The Spectacled Skimmer has a disjunct distribution in the wetter north-eastern parts of South Africa.

Below is a map showing the distribution of records for Spectacled Skimmer in the OdonataMAP database as at February 2020.

Below is a map showing the distribution of records for Spectacled Skimmer in the OdonataMAP database as of December 2024.

The next map below is an imputed map, produced by an interpolation algorithm, which attempts to generate a full distribution map from the partial information in the map above. This map will be improved by the submission of records to the OdonataMAP section of the Virtual Museum.

Ultimately, we will produce a series of maps for all the odonata species in the region. The current algorithm is a new algorithm. The objective is mainly to produce “smoothed” maps that could go into a field guide for odonata. This basic version of the algorithm (as mapped above) does not make use of “explanatory variables” (e.g. altitude, terrain roughness, presence of freshwater — we will be producing maps that take these variables into account soon). Currently, it only makes use of the OdonataMAP records for the species being mapped, as well as all the other records of all other species. The basic maps are “optimistic” and will generally show ranges to be larger than what they probably are.

These maps use the data in the OdonataMAP section of the Virtual Museum, and also the database assembled by the previous JRS funded project, which was led by Professor Michael Samways and Dr KD Dijkstra.

Further Resources

The use of photographs by Alan Manson and Corné Rautenbach is acknowledged. All other photographs by Ryan Tippett.

Spectacled Skimmer Orthetrum icteromelas Ris, 1910

Other common names: Brilskepper (Afrikaans)

Recommended citation format: Loftie-Eaton M; Navarro R; Tippett RM; Underhill L. 2025. Spectacled Skimmer Orthetrum icteromelas. Biodiversity and Development Institute. Available online at https://thebdi.org/2020/05/19/spectacled-skimmer-orthetrum-icteromelas/

References: Tarboton, M; Tarboton, W. (2019). A Guide to the Dragonflies & Damselflies of South Africa. Struik Nature.

Samways, MJ. (2008). Dragonflies and Damselflies of South Africa. Pensoft

Samways, MJ. (2016). Manual of Freshwater Assessment for South Africa: Dragonfly Biotic Index. Suricata 2. South African National Biodiversity Institute, Pretoria

Martens, A; Suhling, F. (2007). Dragonflies and Damselflies of Namibia. Gamsberg Macmillan.

Similar Species

Little Skimmer (Orthetrum abbotti)

Cover photo by Chris Willis.

Find the Highland Skimmer in the FBIS database (Freshwater Biodiversity Information System) here.

Family Libellulidae

Identification

Medium sized

Length up to 44mm; Wingspan attains 66mm.

The Highland Skimmer is most similar to Orthetrum guineense (Guinea Skimmer). The two species were, until recently, thought to be conspecific. Mature males of the two species are problematic to identify in the field. They can only be identified definitively by the respective shapes of their secondary genitalia.

Immature males and females of Orthetrum machadoi can be recognised by the mostly unmarked thorax sides and the pair of truncated lines on the shoulders (diagnostic).

Click here for more details on identification of the Highland Skimmer.

Habitat

The Highland Skimmer inhabits the grass and bush fringes of floodplains, pans, marshes, dams and rivers. It is a mid altitude species in many areas but occurs to sea-level in KwaZulu-Natal.

Behaviour

The Highland Skimmer hunts from a low perch or bare patches on the ground. It is often seen away from water in the surrounding grass and woodland. On the wing from October to April

Status and Conservation

The Highland Skimmer is fairly common in South Africa. It is listed as of Least Concern in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.

Distribution

Orthetrum machadoi is mainly a species of East and Southern Africa, with some scattered records across to northern Angola.

In South Africa, the Highland Skimmer is found primarily in the north and east, occuring as far south as the former Transkei, Eastern Cape. There are also scattered records from the southern parts of the Eastern Cape and the Western Cape, where the Highland Skimmer is scarce.

Below is a map showing the distribution of records for Highland Skimmer in the OdonataMAP database as at February 2020.

Below is a map showing the distribution of records for Highland Skimmer in the OdonataMAP database as at February 2020.

Below is a map showing the distribution of records for Highland Skimmer in the OdonataMAP database as of December 2024.

The next map below is an imputed map, produced by an interpolation algorithm, which attempts to generate a full distribution map from the partial information in the map above. This map will be improved by the submission of records to the OdonataMAP section of the Virtual Museum.

Ultimately, we will produce a series of maps for all the odonata species in the region. The current algorithm is a new algorithm. The objective is mainly to produce “smoothed” maps that could go into a field guide for odonata. This basic version of the algorithm (as mapped above) does not make use of “explanatory variables” (e.g. altitude, terrain roughness, presence of freshwater — we will be producing maps that take these variables into account soon). Currently, it only makes use of the OdonataMAP records for the species being mapped, as well as all the other records of all other species. The basic maps are “optimistic” and will generally show ranges to be larger than what they probably are.

These maps use the data in the OdonataMAP section of the Virtual Museum, and also the database assembled by the previous JRS funded project, which was led by Professor Michael Samways and Dr KD Dijkstra.

Further Resources

The use of photographs by Alan Manson and Christopher Willis is acknowledged. All other photographs by Ryan Tippett.

Highland Skimmer Orthetrum machadoi Longfield, 1955

Other common names: Machado’s Skimmer (Alt. English); Hooglandskepper (Afrikaans)

Recommended citation format: Loftie-Eaton M; Navarro R; Tippett RM; Underhill L. 2025. Highland Skimmer Orthetrum machadoi. Biodiversity and Development Institute. Available online at https://thebdi.org/2020/05/19/highland-skimmer-orthetrum-machadoi/

References: Tarboton, M; Tarboton, W. (2019). A Guide to the Dragonflies & Damselflies of South Africa. Struik Nature.

Samways, MJ. (2008). Dragonflies and Damselflies of South Africa. Pensoft

Samways, MJ. (2016). Manual of Freshwater Assessment for South Africa: Dragonfly Biotic Index. Suricata 2. South African National Biodiversity Institute, Pretoria

Martens, A; Suhling, F. (2007). Dragonflies and Damselflies of Namibia. Gamsberg Macmillan.

Similar Species

Guinea Skimmer (Orthetrum guineense)

Cover photo by Gerhard Diedericks.

Find this species in the FBIS database (Freshwater Biodiversity Information System) here.

Family Libellulidae

There are two distinct subspecies of the Julia Skimmer. Orthetrum julia falsum (Julia Skimmer) and Orthetrum julia capicola (Cape Skimmer). Some authorities treat them as separate species. The differences between them are clear enough that they are treated separately here.

Identification

Medium sized

Length up to 57mm; Wingspan attains 74mm.

The Julia Skimmer is most similar to Orthetrum stemmale (Bold Skimmer) and Orthetrum capicola (Cape Skimmer).

The most reliable way to differentiate between the Julia Skimmer and the Bold Skimmer (Orthetrum stemmale) is by examining the characteristic shapes of the males secondary genitalia. In addition the Julia Skimmer has black, rather than yellowish pterostigmas and all blackish wing venation. The Bold Skimmer has white subcostal Ax-veins. Furthermore Orthetrum julia falsum shows a single cell row in the Rspl loop, whereas Orthetrum stemmale generally has two cell rows in the Rspl loop.

Julia and Cape skimmers (Orthetrum julia capicola) have very similarly shaped secondary genitalia. They can, however, be told apart by other features. Orthetrum julia falsum has blackish pterostigmas and white claspers, while Orthetrum julia capicola shows yellow-brown pterostigmas and dark claspers.

Click here for more details on identification.

Habitat

The Julia Skimmer inhabits shaded streams, rivers, pools, and dams in dense forested or wooded areas. It frequents both still and flowing waters, but is regularly found away from water when not breeding.

Behaviour

Breeding individuals are found on waterside vegetation, but also away from water in the surrounding forest or woodlands. The Julia Skimmer favours shady sites where it sits on exposed twigs in dappled light. It hunts from a perch and often returns to the same spot after each foray.

The Julia Skimmer is on the wing from September to May.

Status and Conservation

The Julia Skimmer is common across its southern African range. It is listed as of Least Concern in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. The Julia Skimmer is highly adaptable and inhabits any suitable habitat, natural or man-made.

Distribution

The Julia Skimmer is widespread in higher rainfall regions across Sub-Saharan Africa.

In South Africa, the Julia Skimmer is found in the eastern half, where it is most numerous in KwaZulu-Natal, Mpumalanga, Gauteng, and Limpopo.

Below is a map showing the combined distribution records for Julia and Cape Skimmers in the OdonataMAP database as of February 2020.

Below is a map showing the combined distribution records for Julia and Cape Skimmers in the OdonataMAP database as of December 2024.

The next map below is an imputed map, produced by an interpolation algorithm, which attempts to generate a full distribution map from the partial information in the map above. This map will be improved by the submission of records to the OdonataMAP section of the Virtual Museum.

Ultimately, we will produce a series of maps for all the odonata species in the region. The current algorithm is a new algorithm. The objective is mainly to produce “smoothed” maps that could go into a field guide for odonata. This basic version of the algorithm (as mapped above) does not make use of “explanatory variables” (e.g. altitude, terrain roughness, presence of freshwater — we will be producing maps that take these variables into account soon). Currently, it only makes use of the OdonataMAP records for the species being mapped, as well as all the other records of all other species. The basic maps are “optimistic” and will generally show ranges to be larger than what they probably are.

These maps use the data in the OdonataMAP section of the Virtual Museum, and also the database assembled by the previous JRS funded project, which was led by Professor Michael Samways and Dr KD Dijkstra.

Further Resources

The use of photographs by Gerhard Diedericks. Other photographs by Ryan Tippett.

Julia Skimmer Orthetrum julia falsum Longfield, 1955

Other common names: Julia-skepper (Afrikaans)

Recommended citation format: Loftie-Eaton M; Navarro R; Tippett RM; Underhill L. 2025. Julia Skimmer Orthetrum julia falsum. Biodiversity and Development Institute. Available online at https://thebdi.org/2020/05/18/julia-skimmer-orthetrum-julia-falsum/

References: Tarboton, M; Tarboton, W. (2019). A Guide to the Dragonflies & Damselflies of South Africa. Struik Nature.

Samways, MJ. (2008). Dragonflies and Damselflies of South Africa. Pensoft

Samways, MJ. (2016). Manual of Freshwater Assessment for South Africa: Dragonfly Biotic Index. Suricata 2. South African National Biodiversity Institute, Pretoria

Martens, A; Suhling, F. (2007). Dragonflies and Damselflies of Namibia. Gamsberg Macmillan.

Similar Species

Cape Skimmer (Orthetrum capicola)

Bold Skimmer (Orthetrum stemmale)

Cover photo by John Wilkinson.

Find this species in the FBIS database (Freshwater Biodiversity Information System) here.

Family Libellulidae

Identification

Medium sized

Length reaches 45mm.

Male Woodland Skimmers can be confused with several other Orthetrum species. They are most similar to Orthetrum chrysostigma (Epaulet Skimmer) in terms of size and behaviour, but O. monardi lacks the pale diagonal stripes on the thorax of that species. The Woodland Skimmer is comparable to the Robust Skimmer Orthetrum robustum in terms of general colouration, but that species is significantly larger.

The females resemble males but are generally duller and lack the pruinose blue abdomen.

Click here for more details on identification.

Habitat

The Woodland Skimmer frequents grassy pans and ponds surrounded by woodland or coastal forest. It is also found at clearings in woodland with marshy ground and clumps of tall grass. The Woodland Skimmer is frequently found where there are bare, damp patches of mud or sandy substrate at the waters edge.

Behaviour

Woodland Skimmers like to perch low down on grass or reed stems near the waters edge. They also often perch on the ground. Woodland Skimmers are usually fairly confiding and reluctant to fly. Once disturbed they seldom fly far before resettling.

Status and Conservation

Orthetrum monardi is currently listed as of Least Concern in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. The status of this scarce species in South Africa is uncertain. It was first recorded in the country as recently as 2014. This species appears to be fairly sensitive to habitat damage and is mostly found in pristine, undisturbed areas.

Distribution

The Woodland Skimmer is widespread, but thinly distributed in sub-Saharan Africa. It occurs from Guinea-Bissau and The Gambia in West Africa across to East Africa and down to South Africa. Most records in South Africa come from the coastal region of NE KwaZulu-Natal, extending as far south as Richards Bay. There are also records from Limpopo, Gauteng, and Mpumalanga.

Below is a map showing the distribution of records for Woodland Skimmer in the OdonataMAP database as at February 2020.

Below is a map showing the distribution of records for Woodland Skimmer in the OdonataMAP database of December 2024.

The next map below is an imputed map, produced by an interpolation algorithm, which attempts to generate a full distribution map from the partial information in the map above. This map will be improved by the submission of records to the OdonataMAP section of the Virtual Museum.

Ultimately, we will produce a series of maps for all the odonata species in the region. The current algorithm is a new algorithm. The objective is mainly to produce “smoothed” maps that could go into a field guide for odonata. This basic version of the algorithm (as mapped above) does not make use of “explanatory variables” (e.g. altitude, terrain roughness, presence of freshwater — we will be producing maps that take these variables into account soon). Currently, it only makes use of the OdonataMAP records for the species being mapped, as well as all the other records of all other species. The basic maps are “optimistic” and will generally show ranges to be larger than what they probably are.

These maps use the data in the OdonataMAP section of the Virtual Museum, and also the database assembled by the previous JRS funded project, which was led by Professor Michael Samways and Dr KD Dijkstra.

Further Resources

The use of photographs by John Wilkinson is acknowledged. All other photographs by Ryan Tippett.

Woodland Skimmer (Orthetrum monardi) Schmidt, 1951

Other common names: Bosskepper (Afrikaans)

Recommended citation format: Loftie-Eaton M; Navarro R; Tippett RM; Underhill L. 2025. Woodland Skimmer Orthetrum monardi. Biodiversity and Development Institute. Available online at https://thebdi.org/2020/05/18/woodland-skimmer-orthetrum-monardi/

References: Tarboton, M; Tarboton, W. (2019). A Guide to the Dragonflies & Damselflies of South Africa. Struik Nature.

Samways, MJ. (2008). Dragonflies and Damselflies of South Africa. Pensoft

Samways, MJ. (2016). Manual of Freshwater Assessment for South Africa: Dragonfly Biotic Index. Suricata 2. South African National Biodiversity Institute, Pretoria

Martens, A; Suhling, F. (2007). Dragonflies and Damselflies of Namibia. Gamsberg Macmillan.

Similar Species

Robust Skimmer (Orthetrum robustum)

Epaulet Skimmer (Orthetrum chrysostigma)

Cover photo by Diana Russell.

Find this species in the FBIS database (Freshwater Biodiversity Information System) here.

Family Libellulidae

Identification

Large size

Length reaches 58mm; Wingspan attains 86mm.

The Robust Skimmer is the largest Orthetrum species. Key identification features include long yellow pterostigmas, with a dark leading edge and broad dark brown shoulder patches on a paler grey-brown thorax. The abdomen is pale pruinose blue. This pruinosity may spread onto the thorax with age. Fully pruinose males can be identified in the hand by the distinctive shape of the secondary genitalia.

The Robust Skimmer is slightly larger than the Long Skimmer (Orthetrum trinacria), but that species is very dark blue overall and does not have a tapered waist.

Generally similar to most other Orthetrum species, especially the Woodland Skimmer (Orthetrum monardi) in terms of colouration, but can be separated by its considerably larger size and broad dark brown shoulder patches.

Click here for more details on identification.

Habitat

The Robust Skimmer is associated with still-water habitats, particularly marshes, floodplains, and the verges of pans and lakes. It favours marshy ground, rich in grasses and sedge, and often with open patches of muddy or sandy substrate. The Robust Skimmer is regularly found where the waterside grass cover has been grazed short or trampled by large animals such as hippos, cattle, and buffalo. It is less frequent in areas of tall grass.

Behaviour

The Robust Skimmer mostly sits low down over the ground or water. It hunts from a perch and frequently returns to the same spot. The flight is swift and powerful. The Robust Skimmer is fairly confiding, but flies far once disturbed. Non-breeding individuals may be found away from the water in the surrounding woodlands where they hawk insects from bushes and trees. Females are elusive and seldom recorded.

Status and Conservation

The Robust Skimmer is fairly common, but very localised. It is known to increase in abundance during wet climatic cycles, becoming more widespread locally. During dry periods it retreats to larger, permanent water bodies. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, lists the Robust Skimmer as Near Threatened in South Africa, but of Least Concern globally.

The Robust Skimmer is only recorded from high-quality habitats and is likely to be sensitive to habitat degradation. A large part of the South African range of this species is protected within the iSimangaliso Wetland Park.

Distribution

Orthetrum robustum has a highly disjunct distribution in south-central and southern Africa. There appear to be three main distribution centers. These are north-eastern Zambia and the neighbouring Democratic Republic of the Congo. Northern Botswana and Namibia’s Caprivi Strip, and finally the north-eastern coastal plain of KwaZulu-Natal in South Africa, and probably adjacent Southern Mozambique.

In South Africa, the Robust Skimmer is restricted to the coastal plain of north-eastern KwaZulu-Natal, reaching as far south as Richards Bay.

Below is a map showing the distribution of records for Robust Skimmer in the OdonataMAP database as at February 2020.

Below is a map showing the distribution of records for Robust Skimmer in the OdonataMAP database as of December 2024.

The next map below is an imputed map, produced by an interpolation algorithm, which attempts to generate a full distribution map from the partial information in the map above. This map will be improved by the submission of records to the OdonataMAP section of the Virtual Museum.

Ultimately, we will produce a series of maps for all the odonata species in the region. The current algorithm is a new algorithm. The objective is mainly to produce “smoothed” maps that could go into a field guide for odonata. This basic version of the algorithm (as mapped above) does not make use of “explanatory variables” (e.g. altitude, terrain roughness, presence of freshwater — we will be producing maps that take these variables into account soon). Currently, it only makes use of the OdonataMAP records for the species being mapped, as well as all the other records of all other species. The basic maps are “optimistic” and will generally show ranges to be larger than what they probably are.

These maps use the data in the OdonataMAP section of the Virtual Museum, and also the database assembled by the previous JRS funded project, which was led by Professor Michael Samways and Dr KD Dijkstra.

Further Resources

The use of photographs by Diana Russell is acknowledged. All other photographs by Ryan Tippett.

Robust Skimmer Orthetrum robustum Balinsky, 1965

Other common names: Forse Skepper (Afrikaans)

Recommended citation format: Loftie-Eaton M; Navarro R; Tippett RM; Underhill L. 2025. Robust Skimmer Orthetrum robustum. Biodiversity and Development Institute. Available online at https://thebdi.org/2020/05/18/robust-skimmer-orthetrum-robustum/

References: Tarboton, M; Tarboton, W. (2019). A Guide to the Dragonflies & Damselflies of South Africa. Struik Nature.

Samways, MJ. (2008). Dragonflies and Damselflies of South Africa. Pensoft

Samways, MJ. (2016). Manual of Freshwater Assessment for South Africa: Dragonfly Biotic Index. Suricata 2. South African National Biodiversity Institute, Pretoria

Martens, A; Suhling, F. (2007). Dragonflies and Damselflies of Namibia. Gamsberg Macmillan.

Similar Species

Woodland Skimmer (Orthetrum monardi)

Long Skimmer (Orthetrum trinacria)

Cover photo by Andrew & Heather Hodgson.

Find this species in the FBIS database (Freshwater Biodiversity Information System) here.

Family Libellulidae

Identification

Medium sized

Length up to 43mm; Wingspan reaches 66mm.

Both sexes of the Elusive Skimmer are highly distinctive and easily recognised. The bright maroon colour on the thorax is diagnostic and unique. Males are most similar to Orthetrum caffrum (Two-striped Skimmer). Both species show a pair of diagonal white stripes on the thorax sides. In Orthetrum rubens the stripes are broad and of uneven width with a black border only along the upper edge. Orthetrum caffrum has narrower stripes that are even in width and with thin black edging along the upper and lower edges. Orthetrum caffrum may also have reddish-brown surfaces on the thorax, but this tends to be dull and more brown than red.

Females are even more distinctive than males and are unlikely to be mistaken for another species. They are predominantly bright yellow and black with distinctive maroon-coloured thorax sides with two diagonal white stripes.

Click here for more details on identification.

Habitat

The Elusive Skimmer inhabits open, high-altitude seeps, bogs, and marshes. It is restricted to the Fynbos Biome and occurs up to 1300m above sea level.

Behaviour

Not much is known about the behaviour of the Elusive Skimmer. They are known to perch on vegetation above boggy ground and seeps. Both sexes can be found in the same general area.

The Elusive Skimmer is on the wing from October to February.

Status and Conservation

The Elusive Skimmer is seemingly rare and highly localised, but may be overlooked due to the inaccessibility of its high mountain habitat. The Elusive Skimmer is listed as Endangered in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.

Distribution

The Elusive Skimmer is endemic to South Africa where it is restricted to the high mountainous terrain of the Western Cape.

Below is a map showing the distribution of records for Elusive Skimmer in the OdonataMAP database as at February 2020.

Below is a map showing the distribution of records for Elusive Skimmer in the OdonataMAP database as of December 2024.

The next map below is an imputed map, produced by an interpolation algorithm, which attempts to generate a full distribution map from the partial information in the map above. This map will be improved by the submission of records to the OdonataMAP section of the Virtual Museum.

Ultimately, we will produce a series of maps for all the odonata species in the region. The current algorithm is a new algorithm. The objective is mainly to produce “smoothed” maps that could go into a field guide for odonata. This basic version of the algorithm (as mapped above) does not make use of “explanatory variables” (e.g. altitude, terrain roughness, presence of freshwater — we will be producing maps that take these variables into account soon). Currently, it only makes use of the OdonataMAP records for the species being mapped, as well as all the other records of all other species. The basic maps are “optimistic” and will generally show ranges to be larger than what they probably are.

These maps use the data in the OdonataMAP section of the Virtual Museum, and also the database assembled by the previous JRS funded project, which was led by Professor Michael Samways and Dr KD Dijkstra.

Further Resources

The use of photographs by Andrew & Heather Hodgson is acknowledged.

Elusive Skimmer Orthetrum rubens Barnard, 1937

Other common names: Ruby Skimmer (Alt. English); Mistieke Skepper (Afrikaans).

Recommended citation format: Loftie-Eaton M; Navarro R; Tippett RM; Underhill L. 2025. Elusive Skimmer Orthetrum rubens. Biodiversity and Development Institute. Available online at https://thebdi.org/2020/05/18/elusive-skimmer-orthetrum-rubens/

References: Tarboton, M; Tarboton, W. (2019). A Guide to the Dragonflies & Damselflies of South Africa. Struik Nature.

Samways, MJ. (2008). Dragonflies and Damselflies of South Africa. Pensoft

Samways, MJ. (2016). Manual of Freshwater Assessment for South Africa: Dragonfly Biotic Index.Suricata 2. South African National Biodiversity Institute, Pretoria

Similar Species

Two-striped Skimmer (Orthetrum caffrum)