Aeshnidae/Distributions/Gynacantha/Odonata

Brown Duskhawker (Gynacantha villosa)

Posted on by Dragonfly Atlas: Megan Loftie-Eaton, Ryan Tippett, Rene Navarro & Les Underhill

Cover photo by Gary Brown.

Find the Brown Duskhawker in the FBIS database (Freshwater Biodiversity Information System) here.

Family Aeshnidae

Identification

Brown Duskhawker Gynacantha villosa – Male
Chongwe, Zambia
Main photo by Norman Barrett
Inset photo by Gary Brown

Very large

Length up to 77mm; Wingspan attains 114mm.

The sexes are very similar but males are slightly brighter, have a 4-celled anal triangle and a narrower waist.

The Brown Duskhawker is most likely to be confused with the Little Duskhawker (Gynacantha manderica) and the Eastern Duskhawker (Gynacantha usambarica). Gynacantha villosa can be told apart by the double cell row between the R2 and R3 veins in the forewings. The other two species have only a single row of cells. The Brown Duskhawker is also unique among Southern African species in having a black ring around the metastigma on the sides of the thorax, and in males, a four-celled anal triangle.

Click here for more details on identification of the Brown Duskhawker.

Brown Duskhawker Gynacantha villosa – Female
Phalaborwa, Limpopo
Photo by Coen Van den Berg

Habitat

The Brown Duskhawker occupies coastal and especially swamp forests along the northern KwaZulu-Natal coast. It is found in the vicinity of streams and pools, typically in deep shade surrounded by dense vegetation. Further inland, the Brown Duskhawker inhabits riverine forests fringing large savanna rivers.

Habitat – Swamp forest with dense vegetation.
Near Kosi Bay, KwaZulu-Natal
Photo by Ryan Tippett

Behaviour

The Brown Duskhawker is elusive, crepuscular, and seldom seen. It rests by day in dark, shaded undergrowth. It hangs vertically from a perch when at rest. The Brown Duskhawker is most active at dawn and dusk when it emerges to hunt over pools, streams, and clearings. The flight is fast and powerful. The Brown Duskhawker is sometimes attracted to lights in the early evening.

Status and Conservation

The Brown Duskhawker is uncommon to rare and localised in South Africa. It is listed as Vulnerable in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Gynacantha villosa is generally intolerant of habitat degradation and is mostly found at undisturbed sites.

Brown Duskhawker Gynacantha villosa – Male
Kosi Bay, iSimangaliso Wetland Park, KwaZulu-Natal
Photo by Ryan Tippett

Distribution

The Brown Duskhawker is found in East and Southern Africa. Its range extends from Ethiopia in the north down through Uganda, Kenya, and Tanzania to Zambia, Malawi, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, and marginally into South Africa. In South Africa, the Brown Duskhawker is only found in coastal north-eastern KwaZulu-Natal and along some of the larger east-flowing rivers in the Limpopo and Mpumalanga lowveld.

Below is a map showing the distribution of records for Brown Duskhawker in the OdonataMAP database as at February 2020.

Below is a map showing the distribution of records for Brown Duskhawker in the OdonataMAP database as of December 2024.

The next map below is an imputed map, produced by an interpolation algorithm, which attempts to generate a full distribution map from the partial information in the map above. This map will be improved by the submission of records to the OdonataMAP section of the Virtual Museum.

Ultimately, we will produce a series of maps for all the odonata species in the region. The current algorithm is a new algorithm. The objective is mainly to produce “smoothed” maps that could go into a field guide for odonata. This basic version of the algorithm (as mapped above) does not make use of “explanatory variables” (e.g. altitude, terrain roughness, presence of freshwater — we will be producing maps that take these variables into account soon). Currently, it only makes use of the OdonataMAP records for the species being mapped, as well as all the other records of all other species. The basic maps are “optimistic” and will generally show ranges to be larger than what they probably are.

These maps use the data in the OdonataMAP section of the Virtual Museum, and also the database assembled by the previous JRS funded project, which was led by Professor Michael Samways and Dr KD Dijkstra.

Phenology

Brown Duskhawker Gynacantha villosa – Male
Klaserie Game Reserve, Limpopo
Photo by Quintin Paul Josop

Further Resources

The use of photographs by Coen Van den Berg, Gary Brown, Norman Barrett, and Quintin Paul Josop is acknowledged. All other photographs by Ryan Tippett.

Brown Duskhawker Gynacantha villosa Grünberg, 1902

Other Common Names: Bruinskemerventer (Afrikaans).

Recommended citation format: Loftie-Eaton M; Navarro R; Tippett RM; Underhill L. 2025. Brown Duskhawker Gynacantha villosa. Biodiversity and Development Institute. Available online at https://thebdi.org/2020/05/18/brown-duskhawker-gynacantha-villosa/

References: Tarboton, M; Tarboton, W. (2019). A Guide to the Dragonflies & Damselflies of South Africa. Struik Nature.

Samways, MJ. (2008). Dragonflies and Damselflies of South Africa. Pensoft

Samways, MJ. (2016). Manual of Freshwater Assessment for South Africa: Dragonfly Biotic Index.Suricata 2. South African National Biodiversity Institute, Pretoria

Similar Species

Eastern Duskhawker (Gynacantha usambarica)
Little Duskhawker (Gynacantha manderica)
Distributions/Libellulidae/Odonata/Orthetrum

Julia Skimmer (Orthetrum julia falsum)

Posted on by Dragonfly Atlas: Megan Loftie-Eaton, Ryan Tippett, Rene Navarro & Les Underhill

Cover photo by Gerhard Diedericks.

Find this species in the FBIS database (Freshwater Biodiversity Information System) here.

Family Libellulidae

There are two distinct subspecies of the Julia Skimmer. Orthetrum julia falsum (Julia Skimmer) and Orthetrum julia capicola (Cape Skimmer). Some authorities treat them as separate species. The differences between them are clear enough that they are treated separately here.

Identification

Julia Skimmer Orthetrum julia falsum – Young male
False Bay, iSimangaliso Wetland Park, KwaZulu-Natal
Photo by Ryan Tippett

Medium sized

Length up to 57mm; Wingspan attains 74mm.

The Julia Skimmer is most similar to Orthetrum stemmale (Bold Skimmer) and Orthetrum capicola (Cape Skimmer).

The most reliable way to differentiate between the Julia Skimmer and the Bold Skimmer (Orthetrum stemmale) is by examining the characteristic shapes of the males secondary genitalia. In addition the Julia Skimmer has black, rather than yellowish pterostigmas and all blackish wing venation. The Bold Skimmer has white subcostal Ax-veins. Furthermore Orthetrum julia falsum shows a single cell row in the Rspl loop, whereas Orthetrum stemmale generally has two cell rows in the Rspl loop.

Julia and Cape skimmers (Orthetrum julia capicola) have very similarly shaped secondary genitalia. They can, however, be told apart by other features. Orthetrum julia falsum has blackish pterostigmas and white claspers, while Orthetrum julia capicola shows yellow-brown pterostigmas and dark claspers.

Click here for more details on identification.

Julia Skimmer Orthetrum julia falsum – Old Male
False Bay, iSimangaliso Wetland Park, KwaZulu-Natal
Photo by Ryan Tippett

Habitat

The Julia Skimmer inhabits shaded streams, rivers, pools, and dams in dense forested or wooded areas. It frequents both still and flowing waters, but is regularly found away from water when not breeding.

Habitat – Ngome Forest, KwaZulu-Natal
Photo by Ryan Tippett

Behaviour

Breeding individuals are found on waterside vegetation, but also away from water in the surrounding forest or woodlands. The Julia Skimmer favours shady sites where it sits on exposed twigs in dappled light. It hunts from a perch and often returns to the same spot after each foray.

The Julia Skimmer is on the wing from September to May.

Julia Skimmer Orthetrum julia falsum – Male
False Bay, iSimangaliso Wetland Park, KwaZulu-Natal
Photo by Ryan Tippett

Status and Conservation

The Julia Skimmer is common across its southern African range. It is listed as of Least Concern in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. The Julia Skimmer is highly adaptable and inhabits any suitable habitat, natural or man-made.

Julia Skimmer Orthetrum julia falsum – Young male
Hluhluwe district, KwaZulu-Natal
Photo by Ryan Tippett

Distribution

The Julia Skimmer is widespread in higher rainfall regions across Sub-Saharan Africa.

In South Africa, the Julia Skimmer is found in the eastern half, where it is most numerous in KwaZulu-Natal, Mpumalanga, Gauteng, and Limpopo.

Julia Skimmer Orthetrum julia falsum – Young male
Near iXopo, KwaZulu-Natal
Photo by Ryan Tippett

Below is a map showing the combined distribution records for Julia and Cape Skimmers in the OdonataMAP database as of February 2020.

Below is a map showing the combined distribution records for Julia and Cape Skimmers in the OdonataMAP database as of December 2024.

The next map below is an imputed map, produced by an interpolation algorithm, which attempts to generate a full distribution map from the partial information in the map above. This map will be improved by the submission of records to the OdonataMAP section of the Virtual Museum.

Ultimately, we will produce a series of maps for all the odonata species in the region. The current algorithm is a new algorithm. The objective is mainly to produce “smoothed” maps that could go into a field guide for odonata. This basic version of the algorithm (as mapped above) does not make use of “explanatory variables” (e.g. altitude, terrain roughness, presence of freshwater — we will be producing maps that take these variables into account soon). Currently, it only makes use of the OdonataMAP records for the species being mapped, as well as all the other records of all other species. The basic maps are “optimistic” and will generally show ranges to be larger than what they probably are.

These maps use the data in the OdonataMAP section of the Virtual Museum, and also the database assembled by the previous JRS funded project, which was led by Professor Michael Samways and Dr KD Dijkstra.

Julia Skimmer Orthetrum julia falsum – Young male
False Bay, iSimangaliso Wetland Park, KwaZulu-Natal
Photo by Ryan Tippett

Further Resources

The use of photographs by Gerhard Diedericks. Other photographs by Ryan Tippett.

Julia Skimmer Orthetrum julia falsum Longfield, 1955

Other common names: Julia-skepper (Afrikaans)

Recommended citation format: Loftie-Eaton M; Navarro R; Tippett RM; Underhill L. 2025. Julia Skimmer Orthetrum julia falsum. Biodiversity and Development Institute. Available online at https://thebdi.org/2020/05/18/julia-skimmer-orthetrum-julia-falsum/

References: Tarboton, M; Tarboton, W. (2019). A Guide to the Dragonflies & Damselflies of South Africa. Struik Nature.

Samways, MJ. (2008). Dragonflies and Damselflies of South Africa. Pensoft

Samways, MJ. (2016). Manual of Freshwater Assessment for South Africa: Dragonfly Biotic Index. Suricata 2. South African National Biodiversity Institute, Pretoria

Martens, A; Suhling, F. (2007). Dragonflies and Damselflies of Namibia. Gamsberg Macmillan.

Julia Skimmer Orthetrum julia falsum – Young male
Eastern Shores, iSimangaliso Wetland Park, KwaZulu-Natal
Photo by Ryan Tippett

Similar Species

Cape Skimmer (Orthetrum capicola)
Bold Skimmer (Orthetrum stemmale)
Distributions/Libellulidae/Odonata/Orthetrum

Woodland Skimmer (Orthetrum monardi)

Posted on by Dragonfly Atlas: Megan Loftie-Eaton, Ryan Tippett, Rene Navarro & Les Underhill

Cover photo by John Wilkinson.

Find this species in the FBIS database (Freshwater Biodiversity Information System) here.

Family Libellulidae

Identification

Woodland Skimmer Orthetrum monardi – Male
Near Hluhluwe, KwaZulu-Natal
Photo by Ryan Tippett

Medium sized

Length reaches 45mm.

Male Woodland Skimmers can be confused with several other Orthetrum species. They are most similar to Orthetrum chrysostigma (Epaulet Skimmer) in terms of size and behaviour, but O. monardi lacks the pale diagonal stripes on the thorax of that species. The Woodland Skimmer is comparable to the Robust Skimmer Orthetrum robustum in terms of general colouration, but that species is significantly larger.

The females resemble males but are generally duller and lack the pruinose blue abdomen.

Click here for more details on identification.

Habitat

The Woodland Skimmer frequents grassy pans and ponds surrounded by woodland or coastal forest. It is also found at clearings in woodland with marshy ground and clumps of tall grass. The Woodland Skimmer is frequently found where there are bare, damp patches of mud or sandy substrate at the waters edge.

Habitat – Near Manguzi, KwaZulu-Natal
Photo by Ryan Tippett

Behaviour

Woodland Skimmers like to perch low down on grass or reed stems near the waters edge. They also often perch on the ground. Woodland Skimmers are usually fairly confiding and reluctant to fly. Once disturbed they seldom fly far before resettling.

Woodland Skimmer Orthetrum monardi – Male
Kosi Bay, iSimangaliso Wetland Park, KwaZulu-Natal
Photo by Ryan Tippett

Status and Conservation

Orthetrum monardi is currently listed as of Least Concern in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. The status of this scarce species in South Africa is uncertain. It was first recorded in the country as recently as 2014. This species appears to be fairly sensitive to habitat damage and is mostly found in pristine, undisturbed areas.

Woodland Skimmer Orthetrum monardi – Male
Near Hluhluwe, KwaZulu-Natal
Photo by Ryan Tippett

Distribution

The Woodland Skimmer is widespread, but thinly distributed in sub-Saharan Africa. It occurs from Guinea-Bissau and The Gambia in West Africa across to East Africa and down to South Africa. Most records in South Africa come from the coastal region of NE KwaZulu-Natal, extending as far south as Richards Bay. There are also records from Limpopo, Gauteng, and Mpumalanga.

Below is a map showing the distribution of records for Woodland Skimmer in the OdonataMAP database as at February 2020.

Below is a map showing the distribution of records for Woodland Skimmer in the OdonataMAP database of December 2024.

The next map below is an imputed map, produced by an interpolation algorithm, which attempts to generate a full distribution map from the partial information in the map above. This map will be improved by the submission of records to the OdonataMAP section of the Virtual Museum.

Ultimately, we will produce a series of maps for all the odonata species in the region. The current algorithm is a new algorithm. The objective is mainly to produce “smoothed” maps that could go into a field guide for odonata. This basic version of the algorithm (as mapped above) does not make use of “explanatory variables” (e.g. altitude, terrain roughness, presence of freshwater — we will be producing maps that take these variables into account soon). Currently, it only makes use of the OdonataMAP records for the species being mapped, as well as all the other records of all other species. The basic maps are “optimistic” and will generally show ranges to be larger than what they probably are.

These maps use the data in the OdonataMAP section of the Virtual Museum, and also the database assembled by the previous JRS funded project, which was led by Professor Michael Samways and Dr KD Dijkstra.

Woodland Skimmer Orthetrum monardi – Male
St. Lucia, KwaZulu-Natal
Photo by Ryan Tippett

Further Resources

The use of photographs by John Wilkinson is acknowledged. All other photographs by Ryan Tippett.

Woodland Skimmer (Orthetrum monardi) Schmidt, 1951

Other common names: Bosskepper (Afrikaans)

Recommended citation format: Loftie-Eaton M; Navarro R; Tippett RM; Underhill L. 2025. Woodland Skimmer Orthetrum monardi. Biodiversity and Development Institute. Available online at https://thebdi.org/2020/05/18/woodland-skimmer-orthetrum-monardi/

References: Tarboton, M; Tarboton, W. (2019). A Guide to the Dragonflies & Damselflies of South Africa. Struik Nature.

Samways, MJ. (2008). Dragonflies and Damselflies of South Africa. Pensoft

Samways, MJ. (2016). Manual of Freshwater Assessment for South Africa: Dragonfly Biotic Index. Suricata 2. South African National Biodiversity Institute, Pretoria

Martens, A; Suhling, F. (2007). Dragonflies and Damselflies of Namibia. Gamsberg Macmillan.

Woodland Skimmer Orthetrum monardi – Male
St. Lucia, KwaZulu-Natal
Photo by Ryan Tippett

Similar Species

Robust Skimmer (Orthetrum robustum)
Epaulet Skimmer (Orthetrum chrysostigma)
Distributions/Libellulidae/Odonata/Orthetrum

Robust Skimmer (Orthetrum robustum)

Posted on by Dragonfly Atlas: Megan Loftie-Eaton, Ryan Tippett, Rene Navarro & Les Underhill

Cover photo by Diana Russell.

Find this species in the FBIS database (Freshwater Biodiversity Information System) here.

Family Libellulidae

Identification

Robust Skimmer Orthetrum robustum – Male
Near Kosi Bay, KwaZulu-Natal
Photo by Ryan Tippett

Large size

Length reaches 58mm; Wingspan attains 86mm.

The Robust Skimmer is the largest Orthetrum species. Key identification features include long yellow pterostigmas, with a dark leading edge and broad dark brown shoulder patches on a paler grey-brown thorax. The abdomen is pale pruinose blue. This pruinosity may spread onto the thorax with age. Fully pruinose males can be identified in the hand by the distinctive shape of the secondary genitalia.

The Robust Skimmer is slightly larger than the Long Skimmer (Orthetrum trinacria), but that species is very dark blue overall and does not have a tapered waist.

Generally similar to most other Orthetrum species, especially the Woodland Skimmer (Orthetrum monardi) in terms of colouration, but can be separated by its considerably larger size and broad dark brown shoulder patches.

Click here for more details on identification.

Habitat

The Robust Skimmer is associated with still-water habitats, particularly marshes, floodplains, and the verges of pans and lakes. It favours marshy ground, rich in grasses and sedge, and often with open patches of muddy or sandy substrate. The Robust Skimmer is regularly found where the waterside grass cover has been grazed short or trampled by large animals such as hippos, cattle, and buffalo. It is less frequent in areas of tall grass.

Habitat – Near Kosi Bay, KwaZulu-Natal
Photo by Ryan Tippett

Behaviour

The Robust Skimmer mostly sits low down over the ground or water. It hunts from a perch and frequently returns to the same spot. The flight is swift and powerful. The Robust Skimmer is fairly confiding, but flies far once disturbed. Non-breeding individuals may be found away from the water in the surrounding woodlands where they hawk insects from bushes and trees. Females are elusive and seldom recorded.

Robust Skimmer Orthetrum robustum – Male
Near Kosi Bay, KwaZulu-Natal
Photo by Ryan Tippett

Status and Conservation

The Robust Skimmer is fairly common, but very localised. It is known to increase in abundance during wet climatic cycles, becoming more widespread locally. During dry periods it retreats to larger, permanent water bodies. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, lists the Robust Skimmer as Near Threatened in South Africa, but of Least Concern globally.

The Robust Skimmer is only recorded from high-quality habitats and is likely to be sensitive to habitat degradation. A large part of the South African range of this species is protected within the iSimangaliso Wetland Park.

Robust Skimmer Orthetrum robustum – Male
Linyanti, Botswana
Photo by Ryan Tippett

Distribution

Orthetrum robustum has a highly disjunct distribution in south-central and southern Africa. There appear to be three main distribution centers. These are north-eastern Zambia and the neighbouring Democratic Republic of the Congo. Northern Botswana and Namibia’s Caprivi Strip, and finally the north-eastern coastal plain of KwaZulu-Natal in South Africa, and probably adjacent Southern Mozambique.

In South Africa, the Robust Skimmer is restricted to the coastal plain of north-eastern KwaZulu-Natal, reaching as far south as Richards Bay.

Robust Skimmer Orthetrum robustum – Male
Near Kosi Bay, KwaZulu-Natal
Photo by Ryan Tippett

Below is a map showing the distribution of records for Robust Skimmer in the OdonataMAP database as at February 2020.

Below is a map showing the distribution of records for Robust Skimmer in the OdonataMAP database as of December 2024.

The next map below is an imputed map, produced by an interpolation algorithm, which attempts to generate a full distribution map from the partial information in the map above. This map will be improved by the submission of records to the OdonataMAP section of the Virtual Museum.

Ultimately, we will produce a series of maps for all the odonata species in the region. The current algorithm is a new algorithm. The objective is mainly to produce “smoothed” maps that could go into a field guide for odonata. This basic version of the algorithm (as mapped above) does not make use of “explanatory variables” (e.g. altitude, terrain roughness, presence of freshwater — we will be producing maps that take these variables into account soon). Currently, it only makes use of the OdonataMAP records for the species being mapped, as well as all the other records of all other species. The basic maps are “optimistic” and will generally show ranges to be larger than what they probably are.

These maps use the data in the OdonataMAP section of the Virtual Museum, and also the database assembled by the previous JRS funded project, which was led by Professor Michael Samways and Dr KD Dijkstra.

Robust Skimmer Orthetrum robustum – Male
Okavango Delta, Botswana
Photo by Ryan Tippett

Further Resources

The use of photographs by Diana Russell is acknowledged. All other photographs by Ryan Tippett.

Robust Skimmer Orthetrum robustum Balinsky, 1965

Other common names: Forse Skepper (Afrikaans)

Recommended citation format: Loftie-Eaton M; Navarro R; Tippett RM; Underhill L. 2025. Robust Skimmer Orthetrum robustum. Biodiversity and Development Institute. Available online at https://thebdi.org/2020/05/18/robust-skimmer-orthetrum-robustum/

References: Tarboton, M; Tarboton, W. (2019). A Guide to the Dragonflies & Damselflies of South Africa. Struik Nature.

Samways, MJ. (2008). Dragonflies and Damselflies of South Africa. Pensoft

Samways, MJ. (2016). Manual of Freshwater Assessment for South Africa: Dragonfly Biotic Index. Suricata 2. South African National Biodiversity Institute, Pretoria

Martens, A; Suhling, F. (2007). Dragonflies and Damselflies of Namibia. Gamsberg Macmillan.

Robust Skimmer Orthetrum robustum – Male
Linyanti, Botswana
Photo by Ryan Tippett

Similar Species

Woodland Skimmer (Orthetrum monardi)
Long Skimmer (Orthetrum trinacria)
Distributions/Libellulidae/Odonata/Orthetrum

Elusive Skimmer (Orthetrum rubens)

Posted on by Dragonfly Atlas: Megan Loftie-Eaton, Ryan Tippett, Rene Navarro & Les Underhill

Cover photo by Andrew & Heather Hodgson.

Find this species in the FBIS database (Freshwater Biodiversity Information System) here.

Family Libellulidae

Identification

Elusive Skimmer Orthetrum rubens – Male
Stettynsberg, Western Cape
Photo by Andrew and Heather Hodgson

Medium sized

Length up to 43mm; Wingspan reaches 66mm.

Both sexes of the Elusive Skimmer are highly distinctive and easily recognised. The bright maroon colour on the thorax is diagnostic and unique. Males are most similar to Orthetrum caffrum (Two-striped Skimmer). Both species show a pair of diagonal white stripes on the thorax sides. In Orthetrum rubens the stripes are broad and of uneven width with a black border only along the upper edge. Orthetrum caffrum has narrower stripes that are even in width and with thin black edging along the upper and lower edges. Orthetrum caffrum may also have reddish-brown surfaces on the thorax, but this tends to be dull and more brown than red.

Females are even more distinctive than males and are unlikely to be mistaken for another species. They are predominantly bright yellow and black with distinctive maroon-coloured thorax sides with two diagonal white stripes.

Click here for more details on identification.

Elusive Skimmer Orthetrum rubens – Female
Stettynsberg, Western Cape
Photo by Andrew and Heather Hodgson

Habitat

The Elusive Skimmer inhabits open, high-altitude seeps, bogs, and marshes. It is restricted to the Fynbos Biome and occurs up to 1300m above sea level.

Habitat – Mountain seep
Hawequas Mountains, Western Cape
Photo by Corne Rautenbach

Behaviour

Not much is known about the behaviour of the Elusive Skimmer. They are known to perch on vegetation above boggy ground and seeps. Both sexes can be found in the same general area.

The Elusive Skimmer is on the wing from October to February.

Status and Conservation

The Elusive Skimmer is seemingly rare and highly localised, but may be overlooked due to the inaccessibility of its high mountain habitat. The Elusive Skimmer is listed as Endangered in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.

Distribution

The Elusive Skimmer is endemic to South Africa where it is restricted to the high mountainous terrain of the Western Cape.

Below is a map showing the distribution of records for Elusive Skimmer in the OdonataMAP database as at February 2020.

Below is a map showing the distribution of records for Elusive Skimmer in the OdonataMAP database as of December 2024.

The next map below is an imputed map, produced by an interpolation algorithm, which attempts to generate a full distribution map from the partial information in the map above. This map will be improved by the submission of records to the OdonataMAP section of the Virtual Museum.

Ultimately, we will produce a series of maps for all the odonata species in the region. The current algorithm is a new algorithm. The objective is mainly to produce “smoothed” maps that could go into a field guide for odonata. This basic version of the algorithm (as mapped above) does not make use of “explanatory variables” (e.g. altitude, terrain roughness, presence of freshwater — we will be producing maps that take these variables into account soon). Currently, it only makes use of the OdonataMAP records for the species being mapped, as well as all the other records of all other species. The basic maps are “optimistic” and will generally show ranges to be larger than what they probably are.

These maps use the data in the OdonataMAP section of the Virtual Museum, and also the database assembled by the previous JRS funded project, which was led by Professor Michael Samways and Dr KD Dijkstra.

Further Resources

The use of photographs by Andrew & Heather Hodgson is acknowledged.

Elusive Skimmer Orthetrum rubens Barnard, 1937

Other common names: Ruby Skimmer (Alt. English); Mistieke Skepper (Afrikaans).

Recommended citation format: Loftie-Eaton M; Navarro R; Tippett RM; Underhill L. 2025. Elusive Skimmer Orthetrum rubens. Biodiversity and Development Institute. Available online at https://thebdi.org/2020/05/18/elusive-skimmer-orthetrum-rubens/

References: Tarboton, M; Tarboton, W. (2019). A Guide to the Dragonflies & Damselflies of South Africa. Struik Nature.

Samways, MJ. (2008). Dragonflies and Damselflies of South Africa. Pensoft

Samways, MJ. (2016). Manual of Freshwater Assessment for South Africa: Dragonfly Biotic Index.Suricata 2. South African National Biodiversity Institute, Pretoria

Similar Species

Two-striped Skimmer (Orthetrum caffrum)
Coenagrionidae/Distributions/Odonata/Pseudagrion

Great Sprite (Pseudagrion gamblesi)

Posted on by Dragonfly Atlas: Megan Loftie-Eaton, Ryan Tippett, Rene Navarro & Les Underhill

Cover photo by Alan Manson.

Find the Great Sprite in the FBIS database (Freshwater Biodiversity Information System) here.

Family Coenagrionidae

Identification

Great Sprite Pseudagrion gamblesi – Male
Umzimkhulu River, near Creighton, KwaZulu-Natal
Photo by Alan Manson

Medium sized

Length up to 50mm; Wingspan reaches 65mm.

The Great Sprite is the largest Sprite in the region, and this alone makes both sexes easily identifiable.

The male Pseudagrion gamblesi is one of three ‘Yellow-faced’ sprite species in the region. The other two being the Yellow-faced Sprite (Pseudagrion citricola) and the Springwater Sprite (Pseudagrion caffrum). The Great Sprite is significantly larger than these two species and has a distinctly striped thorax, large postocular spots, brighter blue terminal segments, and noticeably large claspers.

In terms of colouration, females resemble many others of the genus, but can be safely identified based on their larger size.

Click here for more details on identification.

Habitat

The Great Sprite frequents large, flowing rivers and streams in the mid-altitude, eastern parts of South Africa. It favours rocky river pools flanked by tall grasses, forbs, and reeds.

Habitat – Komati River, Mpumalanga
Photo by Sharon Stanton

Behaviour

The Great Sprite is a fairly sluggish species that spends long periods perched on reed and grass stems over the water.

It is most active from late September to April, but flies all year at some sites (See Phenology below).

Status and Conservation

The Great Sprite is highly localised and generally scarce, but may be fairly common in places. It is listed as of Least Concern in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Pseudagrion gamblesi is fairly sensitive to habitat degradation and occurs mostly along undisturbed stretches of river.

Distribution

The Great Sprite occurs in Southern, South-Central, and East Africa. It has been recorded from South Africa, Zimbabwe, Mozambique, Zambia, Malawi, Tanzania, Kenya, and Ethiopia. In South Africa, it is found primarily in the east in Mpumalanga and KwaZulu-Natal.

Below is a map showing the distribution of records for Great Sprite in the OdonataMAP database as at February 2020.

Below is a map showing the distribution of records for Great Sprite in the OdonataMAP database as of December 2024.

The next map below is an imputed map, produced by an interpolation algorithm, which attempts to generate a full distribution map from the partial information in the map above. This map will be improved by the submission of records to the OdonataMAP section of the Virtual Museum.

Ultimately, we will produce a series of maps for all the odonata species in the region. The current algorithm is a new algorithm. The objective is mainly to produce “smoothed” maps that could go into a field guide for odonata. This basic version of the algorithm (as mapped above) does not make use of “explanatory variables” (e.g. altitude, terrain roughness, presence of freshwater — we will be producing maps that take these variables into account soon). Currently, it only makes use of the OdonataMAP records for the species being mapped, as well as all the other records of all other species. The basic maps are “optimistic” and will generally show ranges to be larger than what they probably are.

These maps use the data in the OdonataMAP section of the Virtual Museum, and also the database assembled by the previous JRS funded project, which was led by Professor Michael Samways and Dr KD Dijkstra.

Phenology

Further Resources

The use of photographs by Alan Manson and Sharon Stanton is acknowledged.

Great Sprite Pseudagrion gamblesi Pinhey, 1978

Other common names: Gamble’s Sprite (Alt. English); Grootgesie (Afrikaans)

Recommended citation format: Loftie-Eaton M; Navarro R; Tippett RM; Underhill L. 2025. Great Sprite Pseudagrion gamblesi. Biodiversity and Development Institute. Available online at https://thebdi.org/2020/05/18/great-sprite-pseudagrion-gamblesi/

References: Tarboton, M; Tarboton, W. (2019). A Guide to the Dragonflies & Damselflies of South Africa. Struik Nature.

Samways, MJ. (2008). Dragonflies and Damselflies of South Africa. Pensoft

Samways, MJ. (2016). Manual of Freshwater Assessment for South Africa: Dragonfly Biotic Index. Suricata 2. South African National Biodiversity Institute, Pretoria

Similar Species

Yellow-faced Sprite (Pseudagrion citricola)
Springwater Sprite (Pseudagrion caffrum)
Corduliidae/Distributions/Hemicordulia/Odonata

African Emerald (Hemicordulia africana)

Posted on by Dragonfly Atlas: Megan Loftie-Eaton, Ryan Tippett, Rene Navarro & Les Underhill

Cover photo by Richard Johnstone.

Find the African Emerald in the FBIS database (Freshwater Biodiversity Information System) here.

Family Corduliidae

Hemicordulia africana is the only African member of this largely Asian family.

Identification

African Emerald Hemicordulia africana – Male
Richardsbay, KwaZulu-Natal
Photo by Georg Jacobs

Medium-large size

Length reaches 47mm; Wingspan up to 65mm.

The African Emerald is unlike any other dragonfly in the region. The metallic green colouration, combined with its unique wing venation and tiny black pterostigmas render this species unmistakable. In poor light conditions, which is when this species is most active, the overall colouration appears dark blackish-green. In sunlight, it is bright metallic green.

Females are less colourful than the males, showing a reduced amount of metallic colouration and dark yellow wing bases.

The African Emerald could be mistaken for Zyxomma atlanticum (Smoky Duskdarter), especially in flight and in poor light. Both species occur in the same habitat and are similar in size and behaviour.

Click here for more details on identification of the African Emerald.

African Emerald Hemicordulia africana – Female
Photo by Corne Rautenbach

Habitat

The African Emerald is a forest-dwelling species. It inhabits coastal forest and especially swamp forests in north-eastern KwaZulu-Natal. It is most often seen along forest tracks and clearings. The African Emerald breeds in forested pools, streams, and rivers.

Habitat – Kosi Bay, KwaZulu-Natal
Photo by Lauren Arnold.

Behaviour

The African Emerald is elusive and crepuscular, being most active at dusk, but may also emerge at other times, during very humid conditions. They spend much of the day hidden in dense, shaded vegetation. African Emeralds hunt back and forth along a selected route at forest edges and clearings near water. The African Emerald is somewhat inquisitive and may approach an observer before moving off again. It regularly pauses to rest by hanging vertically from a perch.

African Emerald Hemicordulia africana – Female
Photo by Richard Johnstone

Status and Conservation

The African Emerald is uncommon and localised. It is listed as Near Threatened in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. The presence of this species in South Africa is erratic, and it may be absent from some areas during drought periods.

Distribution

Hemicordulia africana has a disjunct distribution in Eastern and Southern Africa, although it is likely to be under recorded in many areas.

In South Africa it is restricted to the coastal plain of north-eastern KwaZulu-Natal, where it has been recorded from Kosi Bay down to Richards Bay.

African Emerald Hemicordulia africana – Male
Kosi Bay, KwaZulu-Natal
Photo by Felicity Grundlingh

Below is a map showing the distribution of records for African Emerald in the OdonataMAP database as at February 2020.

Below is a map showing the distribution of records for African Emerald in the OdonataMAP database as of December 2024.

The next map below is an imputed map, produced by an interpolation algorithm, which attempts to generate a full distribution map from the partial information in the map above. This map will be improved by the submission of records to the OdonataMAP section of the Virtual Museum.

Ultimately, we will produce a series of maps for all the odonata species in the region. The current algorithm is a new algorithm. The objective is mainly to produce “smoothed” maps that could go into a field guide for odonata. This basic version of the algorithm (as mapped above) does not make use of “explanatory variables” (e.g. altitude, terrain roughness, presence of freshwater — we will be producing maps that take these variables into account soon). Currently, it only makes use of the OdonataMAP records for the species being mapped, as well as all the other records of all other species. The basic maps are “optimistic” and will generally show ranges to be larger than what they probably are.

These maps use the data in the OdonataMAP section of the Virtual Museum, and also the database assembled by the previous JRS funded project, which was led by Professor Michael Samways and Dr KD Dijkstra.

Phenology

African Emerald Hemicordulia africana – Male
Kosi Bay, KwaZulu-Natal
Photo by Felicity Grundlingh

Further Resources

The use of photographs by Corne Rautenbach, Felicity Grundlingh, Georg Jacobs, Lauren Arnold, and Richard Johnstone is acknowledged.

African Emerald Hemicordulia africana Dijkstra, 2007

Other Common names: Afrikaanse Swalker (Afrikaans)

Recommended citation format: Loftie-Eaton M; Navarro R; Tippett RM; Underhill L. 2025. African Emerald Hemicordulia africana. Biodiversity and Development Institute. Available online at https://thebdi.org/2020/05/15/african-emerald-hemicordulia-africana/

References: Tarboton, M; Tarboton, W. (2019). A Guide to the Dragonflies & Damselflies of South Africa. Struik Nature.

Samways, MJ. (2008). Dragonflies and Damselflies of South Africa. Pensoft

Samways, MJ. (2016). Manual of Freshwater Assessment for South Africa: Dragonfly Biotic Index.Suricata 2. South African National Biodiversity Institute, Pretoria

Similar Species

Smoky Duskdarter (Zyxomma atlanticum)
Crenigomphus/Distributions/Gomphidae/Odonata

Clubbed Talontail (Crenigomphus hartmanni)

Posted on by Dragonfly Atlas: Megan Loftie-Eaton, Ryan Tippett, Rene Navarro & Les Underhill

Cover photo by Alan Manson.

Find the Clubbed Talontail in the FBIS database (Freshwater Biodiversity Information System) here.

Family Gomphidae

Identification

Clubbed Talontail Crenigomphus hartmanni – Male
Mkuze River, KwaZulu-Natal
Photo by Ryan Tippett

Medium-large size

Length up to 54mm; Wingspan attains 72mm.

Male Clubbed Talontails are very similar to the rare Horned Talontail (Crenigomphus cornutus). The Clubbed Talontail is best identified by the small but distinct foliations on segments 8 and 9 of the abdomen. Crenigomphus cornutus lacks these.

The Clubbed Talontail may also be mistaken for Ceratogomphus pictus (Common Thorntail) at first glance, but the two species have very different clasper structures (males). Females of the two are closer in appearance, but those of Crenigomphus hartmanni have brown markings on the last few abdominal segments.

The Lined Claspertail (Onychogomphus supinus) is also similar. Both species are roughly the same size and share the same colouration. The males differ by their very different clasper structures.

Click here for more details on identification of the Clubbed Talontail.

Habitat

The Clubbed Talontail inhabits flowing rocky rivers and streams in savanna regions. It prefers shallow, swift-flowing sections with pebbles or gravelly substrate. The Clubbed Talontail is often found in relatively open areas with tall clumps of grass and bushes.

Habitat – Mkuze River, KwaZulu-Natal
Photo by Rowan Poortier

Behaviour

The Clubbed Talontail often perches prominently on the tops of bushes or grass and reed stems. It frequently also sits on rocks close to the water. The Clubbed Talontail hunts from a perch. It flies low and fast over the water or vegetation and quickly returns to settle again. Non-breeding individuals are regularly found on grass or bushes far from water, especially late in the season. Females occur in the same vicinity as the males.

The Clubbed Talontail is most active from October to April (see Phenology below).

Clubbed Talontail Crenigomphus hartmanni – Male
Mkuze River, KwaZulu-Natal
Photo by Ryan Tippett

Status and Conservation

The Clubbed Talontail is fairly common but localised in South Africa. It is listed as of Least Concern in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. The Clubbed Talontail is only found in undisturbed habitats.

Clubbed Talontail Crenigomphus hartmanni – Larval ecdysis
Orange River near Prieska, Northern Cape
Photo by Ryan Tippett

Distribution

The Clubbed Talontail occurs in East and southern Africa, from Kenya and Uganda in the north to South Africa. In South Africa it is largely restricted to the eastern interior, but is also found sparsely along the Orange River and at scattered locations in the Eastern and Western Cape.

Below is a map showing the distribution of records for Clubbed Talontail in the OdonataMAP database as at February 2020.

Below is a map showing the distribution of records for Clubbed Talontail in the OdonataMAP database as of December 2024.

The next map below is an imputed map, produced by an interpolation algorithm, which attempts to generate a full distribution map from the partial information in the map above. This map will be improved by the submission of records to the OdonataMAP section of the Virtual Museum.

Ultimately, we will produce a series of maps for all the odonata species in the region. The current algorithm is a new algorithm. The objective is mainly to produce “smoothed” maps that could go into a field guide for odonata. This basic version of the algorithm (as mapped above) does not make use of “explanatory variables” (e.g. altitude, terrain roughness, presence of freshwater — we will be producing maps that take these variables into account soon). Currently, it only makes use of the OdonataMAP records for the species being mapped, as well as all the other records of all other species. The basic maps are “optimistic” and will generally show ranges to be larger than what they probably are.

These maps use the data in the OdonataMAP section of the Virtual Museum, and also the database assembled by the previous JRS funded project, which was led by Professor Michael Samways and Dr KD Dijkstra.

Phenology

Clubbed Talontail Crenigomphus hartmanni – Male
Mkuze River, KwaZulu-Natal
Photo by Ryan Tippett

Further Resources

The use of photographs by Alan Manson and Rowan Poortier is acknowledged. All other photographs by Ryan Tippett.

Clubbed Talontail Crenigomphus hartmanni (Förster, 1898)

Other Common Names: Hartmann’s Talontail (Alt. English); Knoppiekloustert (Afrikaans).

Recommended citation format: Loftie-Eaton M; Navarro R; Tippett RM; Underhill L. 2025. Clubbed Talontail Crenigomphus hartmanni. Biodiversity and Development Institute. Available online at https://thebdi.org/2020/05/15/clubbed-talontail-crenigomphus-hartmanni/

References: Tarboton, M; Tarboton, W. (2019). A Guide to the Dragonflies & Damselflies of South Africa. Struik Nature.

Samways, MJ. (2008). Dragonflies and Damselflies of South Africa. Pensoft

Samways, MJ. (2016). Manual of Freshwater Assessment for South Africa: Dragonfly Biotic Index. Suricata 2. South African National Biodiversity Institute, Pretoria

Martens, A; Suhling, F. (2007). Dragonflies and Damselflies of Namibia. Gamsberg Macmillan.

Similar Species

Horned Talontail (Crenigomphus cornutus)
Common Thorntail (Ceratogomphus pictus)
Lined Claspertail (Onychogomphus supinus)
Coenagrionidae/Distributions/Odonata/Pseudagrion

Palmiet Sprite (Pseudagrion furcigerum)

Posted on by Dragonfly Atlas: Megan Loftie-Eaton, Ryan Tippett, Rene Navarro & Les Underhill

Cover photo by Gregg Darling.

Find the Palmiet Sprite in the FBIS database (Freshwater Biodiversity Information System) here.

Family Coenagrionidae

Identification

Palmiet Sprite Pseudagrion furcigerum – Male
Seweweekspoort, Western Cape
Photo by Ryan Tippett

Small size

Length attains 37mm; Wingspan up to 49mm.

Male Palmiet Sprites closely resemble Pseudagrion kersteni (Powder-faced Sprite). The Palmiet Sprite is best identified by having a bright, lime green labrum whereas the Powder-faced Sprite has a blackish labrum.

Females are unusual among sprites in being quite colourful. They range in colour from green to bright orange and show diagnostic blackish (occasionally blue) markings near the tip of the abdomen.

Click here for more details on identification.

Habitat

The Palmiet Sprite occupies clear, rocky streams and rivers, often in mountainous areas. It frequents both still and flowing sections, but prefers habitats with a rich growth of sedge, grasses, ferns, and especially Palmiet reeds. The Palmiet Sprite inhabits both well-wooded and open habitats.

Habitat – Harold Porter Botanical Gardens, Western Cape
Photo by Sharon Stanton

Behaviour

The Palmiet Sprite is a conspicuous species that sits in the open on an overhanging reed or on a rock close to the water. They often spend long periods perched, and both sexes regularly occur together. They feed on small, aerial insects.

Most active from September to April (see Phenology below).

Palmiet Sprite Pseudagrion furcigerum – Male
Seweweekspoort, Western Cape
Photo by Ryan Tippett

Status and Conservation

The Palmiet Sprite is locally common. It is listed as of Least Concern in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. The Palmiet Sprite is only known from high-quality habitats and as such is not tolerant of habitat degradation.

Palmiet Sprite Pseudagrion furcigerum – Mating pair
Marloth Nature Reserve, Western Cape
Photo by Ryan Tippett

Distribution

The Palmiet Sprite is endemic to South Africa. It is restricted to the Western Cape and the south-western parts of the Eastern Cape Province.

Below is a map showing the distribution of records for Palmiet Sprite in the OdonataMAP database as at February 2020.

Below is a map showing the distribution of records for Palmiet Sprite in the OdonataMAP database as of December 2024.

The next map below is an imputed map, produced by an interpolation algorithm, which attempts to generate a full distribution map from the partial information in the map above. This map will be improved by the submission of records to the OdonataMAP section of the Virtual Museum.

Ultimately, we will produce a series of maps for all the odonata species in the region. The current algorithm is a new algorithm. The objective is mainly to produce “smoothed” maps that could go into a field guide for odonata. This basic version of the algorithm (as mapped above) does not make use of “explanatory variables” (e.g. altitude, terrain roughness, presence of freshwater — we will be producing maps that take these variables into account soon). Currently, it only makes use of the OdonataMAP records for the species being mapped, as well as all the other records of all other species. The basic maps are “optimistic” and will generally show ranges to be larger than what they probably are.

These maps use the data in the OdonataMAP section of the Virtual Museum, and also the database assembled by the previous JRS funded project, which was led by Professor Michael Samways and Dr KD Dijkstra.

Palmiet Sprite Pseudagrion furcigerum – Male
Marloth Nature Reserve, Western Cape
Photo by Ryan Tippett

Phenology

Palmiet Sprite Pseudagrion furcigerum – Female
Marloth Nature Reserve, Western Cape
Photo by Ryan Tippett

Further Resources

The use of photographs by Gregg Darling and Sharon Stanton is acknowledged. All other photos by Ryan Tippett.

Palmiet Sprite Pseudagrion furcigerum (Rambur, 1842)

Other common names: Palmietgesie (Afrikaans).

Recommended citation format: Loftie-Eaton M; Navarro R; Tippett RM; Underhill L. 2025.Palmiet Sprite Pseudagrion furcigerum.  Biodiversity and Development Institute. Available online at https://thebdi.org/2020/05/15/palmiet-sprite-pseudagrion-furcigerum/

References: Tarboton, M; Tarboton, W. (2019). A Guide to the Dragonflies & Damselflies of South Africa. Struik Nature.

Samways, MJ. (2008). Dragonflies and Damselflies of South Africa. Pensoft

Samways, MJ. (2016). Manual of Freshwater Assessment for South Africa: Dragonfly Biotic Index. Suricata 2. South African National Biodiversity Institute, Pretoria

Palmiet Sprite Pseudagrion furcigerum – Male
Ruiterbos, Western Cape
Photo by Ryan Tippett

Similar Species

Powder-faced Sprite (Pseudagrion kersteni)
Coenagrionidae/Distributions/Odonata/Pseudagrion

Mountain Sprite (Pseudagrion draconis)

Posted on by Dragonfly Atlas: Megan Loftie-Eaton, Ryan Tippett, Rene Navarro & Les Underhill

Cover photo by Corrie du Toit.

Find the Mountain Sprite in the FBIS database (Freshwater Biodiversity Information System) here.

Family Coenagrionidae

Identification

Mountain Sprite Pseudagrion draconis – Male
Seweweekspoort, Western Cape
Photo by Ryan Tippett

Small size

Length up to 37mm; Wingspan reaches 47mm.

Populations of the Mountain Sprite in the southern parts of the Western Cape have very reduced or absent postocular spots. These spots are quite large, round, and bright blue over the rest of its range.

The Mountain Sprite is most similar to Pseudagrion salisburyense (Slate Sprite) and Pseudagrion spernatum (Upland Sprite).

The Mountain Sprite is differentiated from S. salisburyense by having a pruinose white forehead and a lightly pruinose, dark blue abdomen. Told apart from P. spernatum by having a black rather than green labrum. In addition the species all have differently shaped claspers.

Females are variably coloured from yellowish to green with darker humeral stripes. They are best identified by their association with the males.

Click here for more details on identification.

Habitat

The Mountain Sprite inhabits streams and rivers in mountainous regions. It frequents sites with running water, large rocks, and tall fringing grass, reeds, and bushes.

The Mountain Sprite occurs at lower altitudes in the Western Cape but has been recorded up to 2100m above sea level in the Drakensberg, KwaZulu-Natal.

Habitat – Seweweekspoort, Western Cape
Photo by Ryan Tippett
Habitat – Kogelberg Nature Reserve, Western Cape
Photo by Sharon Stanton

Behaviour

The Mountain Sprite perches on vegetation or rocks close to the water. It flies low between emergent and overhanging grass and sedge stems. Males and females are frequently found side by side.

Mountain Sprites are most active from October to April (see Phenology below).

Mountain Sprite Pseudagrion draconis – Male
Grootrivier, Cedarberg, Western Cape
Photo by Ryan Tippett

Status and Conservation

The Mountain Sprite is locally common across its range. It is listed as of Least Concern in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.

Distribution

The Mountain Sprite is endemic to South Africa, where it is mainly found in the southern and central mountainous regions. It ranges from the Cedarberg in the Western Cape to the Drakensberg regions of the Eastern Cape, KwaZulu-Natal, Free State, and Lesotho. There are also a few records from southern Gauteng

Mountain Sprite Pseudagrion draconis – Male
Seweweekspoort, Western Cape
Photo by Ryan Tippett

Below is a map showing the distribution of records for Mountain Sprite in the OdonataMAP database as at February 2020.

Below is a map showing the distribution of records for Mountain Sprite in the OdonataMAP database as of December 2024.

The next map below is an imputed map, produced by an interpolation algorithm, which attempts to generate a full distribution map from the partial information in the map above. This map will be improved by the submission of records to the OdonataMAP section of the Virtual Museum.

Ultimately, we will produce a series of maps for all the odonata species in the region. The current algorithm is a new algorithm. The objective is mainly to produce “smoothed” maps that could go into a field guide for odonata. This basic version of the algorithm (as mapped above) does not make use of “explanatory variables” (e.g. altitude, terrain roughness, presence of freshwater — we will be producing maps that take these variables into account soon). Currently, it only makes use of the OdonataMAP records for the species being mapped, as well as all the other records of all other species. The basic maps are “optimistic” and will generally show ranges to be larger than what they probably are.

These maps use the data in the OdonataMAP section of the Virtual Museum, and also the database assembled by the previous JRS funded project, which was led by Professor Michael Samways and Dr KD Dijkstra.

Phenology

Mountain Sprite Pseudagrion draconis – Male
Vanrhynsdorp Waterfall, Western Cape
Photo by Ryan Tippett

Further Resources

The use of photographs by Corrie du Toit and Sharon Stanton is acknowledged. All other photographs by Ryan Tippett.

Mountain Sprite Pseudagrion draconis Barnard, 1937

Other common names: Berggesie (Afrikaans)

Recommended citation format: Loftie-Eaton M; Navarro R; Tippett RM; Underhill L. 2025. Mountain Sprite Pseudagrion draconis. Biodiversity and Development Institute. Available online at https://thebdi.org/2020/05/15/mountain-sprite-pseudagrion-draconis/

References: Tarboton, M; Tarboton, W. (2019). A Guide to the Dragonflies & Damselflies of South Africa. Struik Nature.

Samways, MJ. (2008). Dragonflies and Damselflies of South Africa. Pensoft

Samways, MJ. (2016). Manual of Freshwater Assessment for South Africa: Dragonfly Biotic Index. Suricata 2. South African National Biodiversity Institute, Pretoria

Similar Species

Slate Sprite (Pseudagrion salisburyense)
Upland Sprite (Pseudagrion spernatum)