Distributions/Mesocnemis/Odonata/OdonataMAP/Platycnemididae

Savanna Riverjack (Mesocnemis singularis)

Posted on by Dragonfly Atlas: Megan Loftie-Eaton, Ryan Tippett, Rene Navarro & Les Underhill

Cover photo by Gregg Darling.

Find the Savanna Riverjack in the FBIS database (Freshwater Biodiversity Information System) here.

Family Platycnemididae

Identification

Savanna Riverjack Mesocnemis singularis – Male
Mkuze River, KwaZulu-Natal
Photo by Ryan Tippett

Medium sized

Length up to 44mm; Wingspan attains 62mm.

The Savanna Riverjack is robust for a damselfly, with a distinctive shape and posture. Males are easily recognised as there are no similar looking species in Southern Africa. Adult males are covered in pale blue-white pruinosity and are rather eyecatching.

Females resemble those of Metacnemis valida (Blue Riverjack). The two are similar in size and shape and both are predominantly brown with darker markings. Metacnemis valida females have a prominent white diagonal band on the sides of the thorax. This is absent in Mesocnemis singularis. Additionally the two species are not known to co-occur.

Click here for more details on identification.

Savanna Riverjack Mesocnemis singularis – Female
Mkuze River, KwaZulu-Natal
Photo by Ryan Tippett

Habitat

The natural habitat of the Savanna Riverjack includes open, rocky rivers and streams in savanna, scrub, or forest areas. The Savanna Riverjack is sometimes also found along the rocky shores of lakes. Mesocnemis singularis prefers fast-flowing water, including broken and white water with nearby vegetation to perch on.

Habitat – Orange River, Near Keimoes, Northern Cape

Behaviour

The Savanna Riverjack perches conspicuously near the water on rocks and overhanging or emergent twigs and stems. They often perch close to white water and both sexes are frequently found together.

Savanna Riverjack Mesocnemis singularis – Male
Orange River, near Upington, Northern Cape
Photo by Ryan Tippett

It is most active from October to May, but is likely to fly all year round at some warmer sites (See Phenology below).

Status and Conservation

The Savanna Riverjack is a common species. It is listed as of Least Concern in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. The Savanna Riverjack is a fairly hardy species but is most numerous at healthy, undisturbed rivers.

Savanna Riverjack Mesocnemis singularis
Amakhosi Game Reserve, KwaZulu-Natal
Photo by Ryan Tippett

Distribution

The Savanna Riverjack is widespread in sub-Saharan Africa, including west, central, eastern, and southern Africa. In South Africa, the Savanna Riverjack is found mainly in the north and east, in Limpopo, Gauteng, Mpumalanga, and KwaZulu-Natal. It is also found along the length of the Vaal and Orange Rivers, and some of their larger tributaries.

Below is a map showing the distribution of records for Savanna Riverjack in the OdonataMAP database as at February 2020.

Below is a map showing the distribution of records for Savanna Riverjack in the OdonataMAP database as of December 2024.

The next map below is an imputed map, produced by an interpolation algorithm, which attempts to generate a full distribution map from the partial information in the map above. This map will be improved by the submission of records to the OdonataMAP section of the Virtual Museum.

Ultimately, we will produce a series of maps for all the odonata species in the region. The current algorithm is a new algorithm. The objective is mainly to produce “smoothed” maps that could go into a field guide for odonata. This basic version of the algorithm (as mapped above) does not make use of “explanatory variables” (e.g. altitude, terrain roughness, presence of freshwater — we will be producing maps that take these variables into account soon). Currently, it only makes use of the OdonataMAP records for the species being mapped, as well as all the other records of all other species. The basic maps are “optimistic” and will generally show ranges to be larger than what they probably are.

These maps use the data in the OdonataMAP section of the Virtual Museum, and also the database assembled by the previous JRS funded project, which was led by Professor Michael Samways and Dr KD Dijkstra.

Phenology

Savanna Riverjack Mesocnemis singularis – Male
Mkuze River, KwaZulu-Natal
Photo by Ryan Tippett

Further Resources

The use of photographs by Alan Manson is acknowledged. All other photographs by Ryan Tippett.

Savanna Riverjack Mesocnemis singularis Karsch, 1891

Other common names: Riverjack; Common Riverjack (Alternative English Name); Vlakterivierjuffer (Afrikaans)

Recommended citation format: Loftie-Eaton M; Navarro R; Tippett RM; Underhill L. 2025. Savanna Riverjack Mesocnemis singularis. Biodiversity and Development Institute. Available online at https://thebdi.org/2020/02/25/savanna-riverjack-mesocnemis-singularis/

References: Tarboton, M; Tarboton, W. (2019). A Guide to the Dragonflies & Damselflies of South Africa. Struik Nature.

Samways, MJ. (2008). Dragonflies and Damselflies of South Africa. Pensoft

Samways, MJ. (2016). Manual of Freshwater Assessment for South Africa: Dragonfly Biotic Index. Suricata 2. South African National Biodiversity Institute, Pretoria

Martens, A; Suhling, F. (2007). Dragonflies and Damselflies of Namibia. Gamsberg Macmillan.

Savanna Riverjack Mesocnemis singularis – Male
Orange River, near Prieska, Northern Cape
Photo by Ryan Tippett

Similar Species

Blue Riverjack (Metacnemis valida)
Archive/Citizen Science/Data and statistics/Distributions/Libellulidae/Odonata/OdonataMAP/Urothemis

Blue Basker (Urothemis edwardsii)

Posted on by Dragonfly Atlas: Megan Loftie-Eaton, Ryan Tippett, Rene Navarro & Les Underhill

Cover photo by Christian Fry.

Find the Blue Basker in the FBIS database (Freshwater Biodiversity Information System) here.

Family Libellulidae

Identification

Blue Basker Urothemis edwardsii – Male
Enseleni Nature Reserve, KwaZulu-Natal
Photo by Ryan Tippett

Medium sized

Length up to 44mm; Wingspan reaches 80mm

Male Blue Baskers are readily identified and unlike any other species in the region. The combination of the matt, dark blue body and black hind wing panels is diagnostic.

Females are overall yellowish with brown accents. They show bold black patterning down the length of the upper abdomen and dark brownish panels at the hind wing bases.

Females resemble those of Urothemis assignata (Red Basker). In that species the body colouration is more rufous than yellowish. The two species can be further differentiated by the patterning on the upper surface of the abdomen and by their slightly different hind wing markings.

Click here for more details on identification of the Blue Basker.

Blue Basker Urothemis edwardsii – Female
Enseleni Nature Reserve, KwaZulu-Natal
Photo by Ryan Tippett

Habitat

The Blue Basker inhabits freshwater lakes, pans, dams, marshes, and slow flowing sections of rivers. It prefers still-water habitats with abundant plant growth like reeds and sedges. Non-breeding individuals can often be found in open grassy areas away from water.

Typical habitat – Near Kosi Bay, KwaZulu-Natal
Photo by Ryan Tippett

Behaviour

Blue Baskers are perch hunters and spend as much time perched as they do darting off to intercept prey, or to chase off a rival. They like to sit in open, sunny positions. During the heat of the day they can often be seen in the obelisk position, pointing the abdomens at the sun to reduce the amount of direct sunlight on their bodies (see image below). Males and females both occur in the same areas.

The Blue Basker is on the wing from November to April.

Blue Basker Urothemis edwardsii – Female
Enseleni Nature Reserve, KwaZulu-Natal
Photo by Ryan Tippett

Status and Conservation

Urothemis edwardsii is a common species in South Africa. It is listed as of Least Concern in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. The Blue Basker is fairly resistant to habitat degradation and commonly occupies man-made habitats, provided there is enough vegetation to meet its habitat requirements.

Blue Basker Urothemis edwardsii – Male
Near Hluhluwe, KwaZulu-Natal
Photo by Ryan Tippett

Distribution

The Blue Basker is widespread and occurs virtually throughout Africa south of the Sahara, including parts of Madagascar and Mayotte in the Comoros archipelago. Isolated or relict populations are also found in Algeria and Oman. In South Africa, the Blue Basker is found mainly in the warmer and wetter north and east of the country.

Below is a map showing the distribution of records for Blue Basker in the OdonataMAP database as at February 2020.

Below is a map showing the distribution of records for Blue Basker in the OdonataMAP database as of December 2024.

The next map below is an imputed map, produced by an interpolation algorithm, which attempts to generate a full distribution map from the partial information in the map above. This map will be improved by the submission of records to the OdonataMAP section of the Virtual Museum.

Blue Basker Urothemis edwardsii – Female
Ehlatini Bush Camp, KwaZulu-Natal
Photo by Ryan Tippett

Further Resources

The use of photographs by Christian Fry is acknowledged. All other photographs by Ryan Tippett.

Blue Basker Urothemis edwardsii (Selys, 1849)

Other common names: Blousonvangertjie (Afrikaans)

Recommended citation format: Loftie-Eaton M; Navarro R; Tippett RM; Underhill L. 2025. Blue Basker Urothemis edwardsii. Biodiversity and Development Institute. Available online at https://thebdi.org/2020/02/25/blue-basker-urothemis-edwardsii/

References: Tarboton, M; Tarboton, W. (2019). A Guide to the Dragonflies & Damselflies of South Africa. Struik Nature.

Samways, MJ. (2008). Dragonflies and Damselflies of South Africa. Pensoft

Samways, MJ. (2016). Manual of Freshwater Assessment for South Africa: Dragonfly Biotic Index. Suricata 2. South African National Biodiversity Institute, Pretoria

Martens, A; Suhling, F. (2007). Dragonflies and Damselflies of Namibia. Gamsberg Macmillan.

Blue Basker Urothemis edwardsii – Male
Enseleni Nature Reserve, KwaZulu-Natal
Photo by Ryan Tippett

Similar Species

Red Basker (Urothemis assignata)
Distributions/Libellulidae/Odonata/OdonataMAP/Urothemis

St Lucia Basker (Urothemis luciana)

Posted on by Dragonfly Atlas: Megan Loftie-Eaton, Ryan Tippett, Rene Navarro & Les Underhill

Cover photo by Diana Russell.

Find the St. Lucia Basker in the FBIS database (Freshwater Biodiversity Information System) here.

Family Libellulidae

Identification

St. Lucia Basker Urothemis luciana – Male
Richards Bay, KwaZulu-Natal
Photo by Richard Johnstone

Medium-large size and robust

Length attains 46mm; Wingspan reaches 84mm.

The St. Lucia Basker is a deep red species with extensive dark amber panels at the base of the wings.

It is easily confused with the Red Basker (Urothemis assignata), but is larger and has extensive amber patches at the base of the forewings. These are much reduced or absent in Urothemis assignata. Both sexes of Urothemis luciana have 8 or 9 Ax veins in the forewing. (Urothemis assignata has 7 Ax veins in the forewing).

Click here for more details on identification of the St. Lucia Basker.

Habitat

The St. Lucia Basker inhabits the subtropical wetlands of coastal north-eastern KwaZulu-Natal. It is found in the vicinity of both perennial and seasonal marshes, swamps and pans. This species favours wetland/forest mosaic where trees, bushes and grassland are found in close proximity to wetlands.

Habitat – Cape Vidal, iSimangaliso Wetland Park, KwaZulu-Natal
Photo by Ryan Tippett

Behaviour

The St. Lucia Basker is far more aerial than other Urothemis species and spends less time perched at the waters edge. It is most often seen on and around trees and bushes, with an abundance of long grass and water nearby. The St. Lucia Basker perches conspicuously on top of trees, bushes and reeds etc. The flight is fast and powerful. It’s movements and life history are not yet fully understood.

St. Lucia Basker Urothemis lucianaa
Kosi Bay, iSimangaliso Wetland Park, KwaZulu-Natal
Photo by Ryan Tippett

Status and Conservation

Urothemis luciana is an uncommon to rare species with an erratic occurence. This species is not present at the same sites every year and appears to vanish during prolonged dry years, only to re-appear again after good rains. The St. Lucia Basker is listed as Near Threatened in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. A significant portion of its South African range is protected within the iSimangaliso Wetland Park. The St. Lucia Basker is not known to occur at artificial habitats and is sensitive to habitat degredation.

Distribution

The St. Lucia Basker is endemic to north-eastern KwaZulu-Natal and southern Mozambique. It occurs as far South as Richards Bay.

Below is a map showing the distribution of records for St Lucia Basker in the OdonataMAP database as at February 2020.

Below is a map showing the distribution of records for St Lucia Basker in the OdonataMAP database as of December 2024.

The next map below is an imputed map, produced by an interpolation algorithm, which attempts to generate a full distribution map from the partial information in the map above. This map will be improved by the submission of records to the OdonataMAP section of the Virtual Museum.

Further Resources

The use of photographs by Diana Russell and Richard Johnstone is acknowledged. All other photographs by Ryan Tippett.

St. Lucia Basker Urothemis luciana Balinsky, 1961

Other common names: St. Lucia-sonvangertjie (Afrikaans)

Recommended citation format: Loftie-Eaton M; Navarro R; Tippett RM; Underhill L. 2025. St. Lucia Basker Urothemis luciana. Biodiversity and Development Institute. Available online at https://thebdi.org/2020/02/25/st-lucia-basker-urothemis-luciana/

References: Tarboton, M; Tarboton, W. (2019). A Guide to the Dragonflies & Damselflies of South Africa. Struik Nature.

Samways, MJ. (2008). Dragonflies and Damselflies of South Africa. Pensoft

Samways, MJ. (2016). Manual of Freshwater Assessment for South Africa: Dragonfly Biotic Index. Suricata 2. South African National Biodiversity Institute, Pretoria

Similar Species

Red Basker (Urothemis assignata)
Distributions/Libellulidae/Odonata/OdonataMAP/Zygonoides

Southern Riverking (Zygonoides fuelleborni)

Posted on by Megan Loftie-Eaton

Cover Photo by Gary Brown.

Find the Ringed Cascader in the FBIS database (Freshwater Biodiversity Information System) here.

Family Libellulidae

Identification

Southern River King Zygonoides fuelleborni – Male
Mkuze River, KwaZulu-Natal
Photo by Ryan Tippett

Medium-large to large size.

Length attains 56mm. The wingspan can reach 90mm.

Both sexes are similar in appearance. The most distinguishing feature of Southern Riverking is the swollen basal segments on the abdomen. This is most noticeable in the male.

Most likely to be mistaken for Olpogastra lugubris (Bottletail) or Zygonyx torridus (Ringed Cascader). The Southern Riverking and the Bottletail show similar patterning but are easily separated by their very different abdomen shapes. Zygonoides fuelleborni has a broad abdomen and a noticeably tapered waist. Olpogastra lugubris has a diagnostic, thin, and elongate abdomen. The abdomen of the Ringed Cascader is also broad but lacks the tapered waist. Zygonoides fuelleborni can be further separated from Zygonyx torridus by its bright blue-green eyes as opposed to the black-brown eyes of the latter.

Click here for more details on identification of the Southern Riverking.

Southern Riverking Zygonoides fuelleborni – Female
Mkuze River, KwaZulu-Natal
Photo by Ryan Tippett

Habitat

The preferred habitat of the Southern Riverking is large, strong-flowing savanna rivers with wooded or reed-lined banks. The Southern Riverking especially likes faster-flowing sections of rivers with white water, such as rapids and falls. It requires exposed rocks or overhanging trees for perching on.

Habitat – Mkuze River, KwaZulu-Natal
Photo by Ryan Tippett

Behaviour

The Southern Riverking is a busy and active species with a swift, powerful flight. It perches regularly between flights, but seldom for very long. It often perches on overhanging reeds, trees or bushes and frequently sits on rocks close to the water. The Southern Riverking frequently joins mixed-species hunting swarms at dusk. Zygonoides fuelleborni is on the wing from November to May.

Southern River King Zygonoides fuelleborni – Male
Amakhosi Game Reserve, KwaZulu-Natal
Photo by Ryan Tippett

Status and Conservation

The Southern Riverking is uncommon in South Africa. It is localised and thinly distributed in South Africa. It occurs primarily in undisturbed habitats, although it is often found near weirs and dams on rivers that create rapid-like conditions. It is listed as of Least Concern in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.

Southern River King Zygonoides fuelleborni – Male
Mkuze River, KwaZulu-Natal
Photo by Ryan Tippett

Distribution

Zygonoides fuelleborni is found in Eastern and Southern Africa, from Kenya down to central KwaZulu-Natal in South Africa.

Below is a map showing the distribution of records in South Africa for the Southern Riverking. Taken from the OdonataMAP database as at February 2020.

Below is a map showing the distribution of records in South Africa for the Southern Riverking. Taken from the OdonataMAP database as of December 2024.

The next map below is an imputed map, produced by an interpolation algorithm, which attempts to generate a full distribution map from the partial information in the map above. This map will be improved by the submission of records to the OdonataMAP section of the Virtual Museum.

Ultimately we will produce a series of maps for all the odonata species in the region. The current algorithm is a new algorithm. The objective is mainly to produce “smoothed” maps that could go into a field guide for odonata. This basic version of the algorithm (as mapped above) does not make use of “explanatory variables” (e.g. altitude, terrain roughness, presence of freshwater — we will be producing maps that take these variables into account soon). Currently, it only makes use of the OdonataMAP records for the species being mapped, as well as all the other records of all other species. The basic maps are “optimistic” and will generally show ranges to be larger than what they probably are.

These maps use the data in the OdonataMAP section of the Virtual Museum, and also the database assembled by the previous JRS funded project, which was led by Professor Michael Samways and Dr KD Dijkstra.

Southern River King Zygonoides fuelleborni – Male
Mkuze River, KwaZulu-Natal
Photo by Ryan Tippett

Further Resources

The use of photographs by Niall Perrins is acknowledged. All other photographs by Ryan Tippett.

Southern River King Zygonoides fuelleborni (Grünberg, 1902)

Other common names: Robust Riverking ; Fuelleborn’s Spectacular (Alt. English); Krasse Bottelstert (Afrikaans)

Recommended citation format: Loftie-Eaton M; Navarro R; Tippett RM; Underhill L. 2025. Southern River King Zygonoides fuelleborni. Biodiversity and Development Institute. Available online at https://thebdi.org/2020/02/21/southern-riverking-zygonoides-fuelleborni/

References: Tarboton, M; Tarboton, W. (2019). A Guide to the Dragonflies & Damselflies of South Africa. Struik Nature.

Samways, MJ. (2008). Dragonflies and Damselflies of South Africa. Pensoft

Samways, MJ. (2016). Manual of Freshwater Assessment for South Africa: Dragonfly Biotic Index. Suricata 2. South African National Biodiversity Institute, Pretoria

Martens, A; Suhling, F. (2007). Dragonflies and Damselflies of Namibia. Gamsberg Macmillan.

Southern River King Zygonoides fuelleborni – Male
Amakhosi Game Reserve, KwaZulu-Natal
Photo by Ryan Tippett

Similar Species

Bottletail (Olpogastra lugubris)
Ringed Cascader (Zygonyx torridus)
Uncategorized

Blue Cascader (Zygonyx natalensis)

Posted on by Megan Loftie-Eaton

Cover photo by Jean Hirons.

Find the Blue Cascader in the FBIS database (Freshwater Biodiversity Information System) here.

Family Libellulidae

Identification

Blue Cascader Zygonyx natalensis – Male
Mkuze River, KwaZulu-Natal
Photo by Ryan Tippett

Large size

Length up to 54mm; Wingspan reaches 86mm.

The Blue Cascader is most likely to be mistaken for one of the blue skimmers (Orthetrum spp.), which it resembles in general size, shape, and colour. Zygonyx natalensis can be easily differentiated by the distinct gap in pruinosity along its abdomen and by its metallic blue frons. In addition, the Blue Cascader demonstrates very different behaviour to all of the skimmers.

Females most resemble both sexes of Zygonyx torridus (Ringed Cascader). They differ mostly in the size and shape of the yellow markings along the abdomen. Female Blue Cascaders show smaller, thinner yellow markings.

Click here for more details on identification.

Blue Cascader Zygonyx natalensis – Female
Shayamoya Game Lodge, KwaZulu-Natal
Photo by Ryan Tippett

Habitat

The Blue Cascader inhabits rocky, fast-flowing streams and rivers. It is particularly fond of river stretches with ‘white water’ where there are rapids, cascades, and waterfalls. Females can sometimes be found some distance away from water in a variety of vegetation types. The Blue Cascader occupies rivers in the savanna, grassland, and fynbos regions.

Habitat – Kogelberg Nature Reserve, Western Cape
Photo by Sharon Stanton

Behaviour

Blue Cascader males are frequently seen patrolling a stretch of water or hovering low down over rapids and waterfalls. They regularly return to hover at a favourite site after inspecting a length of river. The Blue Cascader can sometimes be found away from water, hunting over surrounding habitats. The flight is swift and powerful. The Blue Cascader hunts on the wing and is not often seen perched. Females are seldom seen and spend most of their time away from water.

Blue Cascader Zygonyx natalensis – Male
Mkuze River, KwaZulu-Natal
Photo by Ryan Tippett

Status and Conservation

The Blue Cascader is locally common in South Africa. It is listed as of Least Concern in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. This species makes little use of man-made habitats other than artificial weirs that may simulate natural rapids and waterfalls. The Blue Cascader is reliant on healthy, flowing river systems.

Distribution

The Blue Cascader can be found over much of Sub-Saharan Africa, but is mostly recorded from Eastern and Southern Africa, ranging from Ethiopia to the Western Cape in South Africa.

Zygonyx natalensis is widespread in the northern and eastern parts of South Africa, where it is most numerous. Its range continues south to the Eastern and Western Cape, where it is more localised.

Blue Cascader Zygonyx natalensis – Female
Shayamoya Game Lodge, KwaZulu-Natal
Photo by Ryan Tippett

Below is a map showing the distribution of records for Blue Cascader in the OdonataMAP database as at February 2020.

Below is a map showing the distribution of records for Blue Cascader in the OdonataMAP database as of December 2024.

The next map below is an imputed map, produced by an interpolation algorithm, which attempts to generate a full distribution map from the partial information in the map above. This map will be improved by the submission of records to the OdonataMAP section of the Virtual Museum.

Ultimately we will produce a series of maps for all the odonata species in the region. The current algorithm is a new algorithm. The objective is mainly to produce “smoothed” maps that could go into a field guide for odonata. This basic version of the algorithm (as mapped above) does not make use of “explanatory variables” (e.g. altitude, terrain roughness, presence of freshwater — we will be producing maps that take these variables into account soon). Currently, it only makes use of the OdonataMAP records for the species being mapped, as well as all the other records of all other species. The basic maps are “optimistic” and will generally show ranges to be larger than what they probably are.

These maps use the data in the OdonataMAP section of the Virtual Museum, and also the database assembled by the previous JRS funded project, which was led by Professor Michael Samways and Dr KD Dijkstra.

Blue Cascader Zygonyx natalensis – Male
Mkuze River, KwaZulu-Natal
Photo by Marita Beneke

Further Resources

The use of photographs by Jean Hirons and Marita Beneke is acknowledged. All other photographs by Ryan Tippett.

Blue Cascader Zygonyx natalensis (Martin, 1900)

Other common names: Blouklatertjie (Afrikaans)

Recommended citation format: Loftie-Eaton M; Navarro R; Tippett RM; Underhill L. 2025. Blue Cascader Zygonyx natalensis. Biodiversity and Development Institute. Available online at https://thebdi.org/2020/02/20/blue-cascader-zygonyx-natalensis/

References: Tarboton, M; Tarboton, W. (2019). A Guide to the Dragonflies & Damselflies of South Africa. Struik Nature.

Samways, MJ. (2008). Dragonflies and Damselflies of South Africa. Pensoft

Samways, MJ. (2016). Manual of Freshwater Assessment for South Africa: Dragonfly Biotic Index. Suricata 2. South African National Biodiversity Institute, Pretoria

Martens, A; Suhling, F. (2007). Dragonflies and Damselflies of Namibia. Gamsberg Macmillan.

Similar Species

Ringed Cascader (Zygonyx torridus)
Distributions/Libellulidae/Odonata/OdonataMAP/Zygonyx

Ringed Cascader (Zygonyx torridus)

Posted on by Dragonfly Atlas: Megan Loftie-Eaton, Ryan Tippett, Rene Navarro & Les Underhill

Cover photo by John Wilkinson.

Find the Ringed Cascader in the FBIS database (Freshwater Biodiversity Information System) here.

Family Libellulidae

Identification

Ringed Cascader Zygonyx torridus – Male
Tswaing Nature Reserve, Gauteng
Photo by Gerhard Diedericks

Large size

Length up to 61mm; Wingspan attains 102mm.

The sexes are alike.

The Ringed Cascader is most similar to Zygonoides fuelleborni, the Southern Riverking. The two have similarly coloured and patterned abdomens. However, Zygonoides fuelleborni has blue rather than black eyes and a bulbous basal segment on the abdomen. The two species also display very different behaviour, making them easy to separate.

The Ringed Cascader could also be mistaken for a female Blue Cascader Zygonyx natalensis but that species shows far less yellow on the abdomen.

Click here for more details on identification.

Ringed Cascader Zygonyx torridus – Female
Kosi Bay, iSimangaliso Wetland Park, KwaZulu-Natal
Photo by Ryan Tippett

Habitat

Their preferred habitat is that of rivers and streams in both open and wooded landscapes. The Ringed Cascader favours fast-flowing waters but also hunts over nearby still sections. The Ringed Cascader is most regular along rocky stretches of river, but is not limited by this. Individuals may sometimes be found far from water in the surrounding habitat.

Habitat – Oribi Gorge Nature Reserve, KwaZulu-Natal
Photo by Ryan Tippett

Behaviour

The Ringed Cascader is a strongly aerial species that spends long periods in flight, coursing up and down a chosen route. They are occasionally seen perched, hanging vertically with the wings outstretched. The Ringed Cascader can often be seen hovering over white water and has a great change of speed as it darts off to snatch prey or to chase off a rival. Females and immatures are regularly found away from water in the surrounding woodlands.

The Ringed Cascader is on the wing from September to May.

Ringed Cascader Zygonyx torridus – Male
Mseleni River, KwaZulu-Natal
Photo by Ryan Tippett

Status and Conservation

The Ringed Cascader is locally common. It is listed as of Least Concern in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Zygonyx torridus makes little use of man-made habitats as it is reliant on flowing rivers. It is, however, a fairly hardy species that can inhabit somewhat degraded rivers provided its habitat requirements are met.

Ringed Cascader Zygonyx torridus – Male
Mkuze Game Reserve, KwaZulu-Natal
Photo by Ryan Tippett

Distribution

The Ringed Cascader is a very widespread species. Zygonyx torridus is found throughout most of Sub-Saharan Africa and also occurs in southern Europe, parts of the Middle East and western Asia.

In Africa it is only absent from the arid and semi-arid regions that lack perennial, flowing rivers and streams.

The South African distribution is mostly confined to the North and East where it is widespread.

Ringed Cascader Zygonyx torridus – Immature male
Amakhosi Game Reserve, KwaZulu-Natal
Photo by Ryan Tippett

Below is a map showing the distribution of records for Ringed Cascader in the OdonataMAP database as at February 2020.

Below is a map showing the distribution of records for Ringed Cascader in the OdonataMAP database as of December 2024.

The next map below is an imputed map, produced by an interpolation algorithm, which attempts to generate a full distribution map from the partial information in the map above. This map will be improved by the submission of records to the OdonataMAP section of the Virtual Museum.

Ultimately we will produce a series of maps for all the odonata species in the region. The current algorithm is a new algorithm. The objective is mainly to produce “smoothed” maps that could go into a field guide for odonata. This basic version of the algorithm (as mapped above) does not make use of “explanatory variables” (e.g. altitude, terrain roughness, presence of freshwater — we will be producing maps that take these variables into account soon). Currently, it only makes use of the OdonataMAP records for the species being mapped, as well as all the other records of all other species. The basic maps are “optimistic” and will generally show ranges to be larger than what they probably are.

These maps use the data in the OdonataMAP section of the Virtual Museum, and also the database assembled by the previous JRS funded project, which was led by Professor Michael Samways and Dr KD Dijkstra.

Ringed Cascader Zygonyx torridus – Male
Photo by Gregg Darling

Further Resources

The use of photographs by Gerhard Diedericks, Gregg Darling, and John Wilkinson is acknowledged. All other photographs by Ryan Tippett.

Ringed Cascader Zygonyx torridus (Kirby, 1889)

Other common names: Kringklatertjie (Afrikaans)

Recommended citation format: Loftie-Eaton M; Navarro R; Tippett RM; Underhill L. 2025. Ringed Cascader Zygonyx torridus. Biodiversity and Development Institute. Available online at https://thebdi.org/2020/02/19/ringed-cascader-zygonyx-torridus/

References: Tarboton, M; Tarboton, W. (2019). A Guide to the Dragonflies & Damselflies of South Africa. Struik Nature.

Samways, MJ. (2008). Dragonflies and Damselflies of South Africa. Pensoft

Samways, MJ. (2016). Manual of Freshwater Assessment for South Africa: Dragonfly Biotic Index. Suricata 2. South African National Biodiversity Institute, Pretoria

Martens, A; Suhling, F. (2007). Dragonflies and Damselflies of Namibia. Gamsberg Macmillan.

Ringed Cascader Zygonyx torridus – Larval shedding
Kosi Bay, iSimangaliso Wetland Park, KwaZulu-Natal
Photo by Ryan Tippett

Similar Species

Southern Riverking (Zygonoides fuelleborni)
Blue Cascader (Zygonyx natalensis)
Distributions/Libellulidae/Odonata/OdonataMAP/Zyxomma

Smoky Duskdarter (Zyxomma atlanticum)

Posted on by Dragonfly Atlas: Megan Loftie-Eaton, Ryan Tippett, Rene Navarro & Les Underhill

Cover photo by Richard Johnstone.

Find the Smoky Duskdarter in the FBIS database (Freshwater Biodiversity Information System) here.

Family Libellulidae

Identification

Smoky Duskdarter Zyxomma atlanticum – Male
Enseleni Nature Reserve, KwaZulu-Natal
Photo by Diana Russell
Inset images by Kate Braun

Medium sized

Length up tp 47mm; Wingspan attains 72mm.

The Smoky Duskdarter most closely resembles Gynacantha usambarica (Eastern Duskhawker). The Smoky Duskdarter is easily told apart by its far smaller size, different wing venation and by its large green eyes that have three rows of thin brown across the top.

Click here for more details on identification of the Smoky Duskdarter.

Habitat

The Smoky Duskdarter inhabits subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and shrub-dominated wetlands. In South Africa it occurs mainly in lush swamp forests along the northern KwaZulu-Natal coast.

Typical habitat –
Kosi Bay, iSimangaliso Wetland Park, KwaZulu-Natal
Photo by Lauren Arnold

Behaviour

The Smoky Duskdarter is Crepuscular, being most active at dusk but is also active during humid, overcast conditions. It hunts by coursing low over tree-covered water bodies.The Smoky Duskdarter rests by day in the deep shade of dense undergrowth. It hangs vertically when perched.

The Smoky Duskdarter is on the wing from December to April.

Status and Conservation

Zyxomma atlanticum is scarce and highly localised in South Africa. It is listed as of Least Concern in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.

Distribution

The Smoky Duskdarter is most widespread in the forested regions of West and Central Africa. It also occurrs locally along the south-east African coast in southern Mozambique and far north-eastern South Africa, where it ranges from Kosi Bay down to Richards Bay.

Below is a map showing the distribution of records for Smoky Duskdarter in the OdonataMAP database as at February 2020.

Below is a map showing the distribution of records for Smoky Duskdarter in the OdonataMAP database as of December 2024.

The next map below is an imputed map, produced by an interpolation algorithm, which attempts to generate a full distribution map from the partial information in the map above. This map will be improved by the submission of records to the OdonataMAP section of the Virtual Museum.

Ultimately we will produce a series of maps for all the odonata species in the region. The current algorithm is a new algorithm. The objective is mainly to produce “smoothed” maps that could go into a field guide for odonata. This basic version of the algorithm (as mapped above) does not make use of “explanatory variables” (e.g. altitude, terrain roughness, presence of freshwater — we will be producing maps that take these variables into account soon). Currently, it only makes use of the OdonataMAP records for the species being mapped, as well as all the other records of all other species. The basic maps are “optimistic” and will generally show ranges to be larger than what they probably are.

These maps use the data in the OdonataMAP section of the Virtual Museum, and also the database assembled by the previous JRS funded project, which was led by Professor Michael Samways and Dr KD Dijkstra.

Smoky Duskdarter Zyxomma atlanticum
Photo by Kate Braun

Further Resources

The use of photographs by Diana Russell, Lauren Arnold, and Richard Johnstone is acknowledged.

Smoky Duskdarter Zyxomma atlanticum Selys, 1889

Other Common Names: Donkerskemerwerper (Afrikaans).

Recommended citation format: Loftie-Eaton M; Navarro R; Tippett RM; Underhill L. 2025. Smoky Duskdarter Zyxomma atlanticum. Biodiversity and Development Institute. Available online at https://thebdi.org/2020/02/18/smoky-duskdarter-zyxomma-atlanticum/

References: Tarboton, M; Tarboton, W. (2019). A Guide to the Dragonflies & Damselflies of South Africa. Struik Nature.

Samways, MJ. (2008). Dragonflies and Damselflies of South Africa. Pensoft

Samways, MJ. (2016). Manual of Freshwater Assessment for South Africa: Dragonfly Biotic Index. Suricata 2. South African National Biodiversity Institute, Pretoria

Similar Species

Eastern Duskhawker (Gynacantha usambarica)
Biodiversity/Citizen Science/Distributions/Lestes/Lestidae/News/Odonata/OdonataMAP

Smoky Spreadwing (Lestes virgatus)

Posted on by Dragonfly Atlas: Megan Loftie-Eaton, Ryan Tippett, Rene Navarro & Les Underhill

Cover photo by Rob Dickinson.

Find the Smoky Spreadwing in the FBIS (Freshwater Biodiversity Information System) here.

Family Lestidae

Identification

Smoky Spreadwing Lestes virgatus – Male
False Bay, iSimangaliso Wetland Park, KwaZulu-Natal
Photo by Ryan Tippett

Medium sized

Length up to 49mm; Wingspan attains 58mm.

The Smoky Spreadwing most resembles Lestes plagiatus (Highland Spreadwing). The Smoky Spreadwing can be differentiated from other Spreadwings by the bronze-green thorax stripes, swollen pterostigmas with dark outlines, and smoky yellow wings. Older individuals become progressively darker and develop a bronzy colouration.

Females are similar but are duller. They have more robust abdomens than the males, and lack the pruinose terminal segments and the distinctive claspers.

The Smoky Spreadwing could also be confused with a Malachite (Chlorolestes spp.), but can be immediately recognised by its Blue eyes (Malachites have green or brownish eyes), and pale-centered pterostigmas.

Click here for more details on identification.

Smoky Spreadwing Lestes virgatus – Male
Near Ixopo, KwaZulu-Natal
Photo by Ryan Tippett

Habitat

The Smoky Spreadwing occurs at well-vegetated pans, pools, and marshes with forested or wooded fringes and emergent plant growth. It favours ponds with rich vegetation, particularly tall grasses, and forbs. The Smoky Spreadwing frequents areas of high rainfall above 700mm per year. It is found up to 1600m above sea level.

Habitat – Well vegetated pond with well wooded fringes.
Near Hluhluwe, KwaZulu-Natal
Photo by Ryan Tippett

Behaviour

The Smoky Spreadwing hangs vertically from a grass or reed stem when at rest. It spends long periods perched and is generally sluggish and unwilling to fly. The females can be found alongside the males.

The Smoky Spreadwing is most active from late September to May, but flies all year at some sites (See Phenology below).

Smoky Spreadwing Lestes virgatus – Male
Ehlatini Bush Camp, KwaZulu-Natal
Photo by Ryan Tippett

Status and Conservation

Lestes virgatus is locally common over most of its range. It is listed as of Least Concern in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. The Smoky Spreadwing is moderately sensitive to habitat degradation and commonly occurs at suitable man-made habitats.

Smoky Spreadwing Lestes virgatus – Male
Near Ixopo, KwaZulu-Natal
Photo by Ryan Tippett

Distribution

The Smoky Spreadwing is native to much of Southern and Eastern Africa, where it is widespread. It extends from Ethiopia in the north down South Africa. There is also a seemingly isolated population in Nigeria. In South Africa, the Smoky Spreadwing occurs in the northern and eastern parts, as well as along the coast where it is warmer.

Smoky Spreadwing Lestes virgatus – Male
Ehlatini Bush Camp, KwaZulu-Natal
Photo by Ryan Tippett

Below is a map showing the distribution of records for Smoky Spreadwing in the OdonataMAP database as at February 2020.

http://thebdi.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/660300-Smoky-Spreadwing-actual-records.png

Below is a map showing the distribution of records for Smoky Spreadwing in the OdonataMAP database as of December 2024.

The next map below is an imputed map, produced by an interpolation algorithm, which attempts to generate a full distribution map from the partial information in the map above. This map will be improved by the submission of records to the OdonataMAP section of the Virtual Museum.

Ultimately we will produce a series of maps for all the odonata species in the region. The current algorithm is a new algorithm. The objective is mainly to produce “smoothed” maps that could go into a field guide for odonata. This basic version of the algorithm (as mapped above) does not make use of “explanatory variables” (e.g. altitude, terrain roughness, presence of freshwater — we will be producing maps that take these variables into account soon). Currently, it only makes use of the OdonataMAP records for the species being mapped, as well as all the other records of all other species. The basic maps are “optimistic” and will generally show ranges to be larger than what they probably are.

These maps use the data in the OdonataMAP section of the Virtual Museum, and also the database assembled by the previous JRS funded project, which was led by Professor Michael Samways and Dr KD Dijkstra.

Smoky Spreadwing Lestes virgatus – Male
Photo by Jean Hirons

Phenology

Smoky Spreadwing Lestes virgatus – Young male
Mtunzini, KwaZulu-Natal
Photo by Ryan Tippett

Further Resources

The use of photographs by Jean Hirons and Rob Dickinson is acknowledged. All other photographs by Ryan Tippett.

Smoky Spreadwing Lestes virgatus (Burmeister, 1839)

Other common names: Rookspanvlerkie (Afrikaans)

Recommended citation format: Loftie-Eaton M; Navarro R; Tippett RM; Underhill L. 2025. Smoky Spreadwing Lestes virgatus. Biodiversity and Development Institute. Available online at https://thebdi.org/2020/02/13/smoky-spreadwing-lestes-virgatus/

References: Tarboton, M; Tarboton, W. (2019). A Guide to the Dragonflies & Damselflies of South Africa. Struik Nature.

Samways, MJ. (2008). Dragonflies and Damselflies of South Africa. Pensoft

Samways, MJ. (2016). Manual of Freshwater Assessment for South Africa: Dragonfly Biotic Index. Suricata 2. South African National Biodiversity Institute, Pretoria

Martens, A; Suhling, F. (2007). Dragonflies and Damselflies of Namibia. Gamsberg Macmillan.

Smoky Spreadwing Lestes virgatus – Male
Hluhluwe district, KwaZulu-Natal
Photo by Ryan Tippett

Similar Species

Highland Spreadwing (Lestes plagiatus)
Biodiversity/Chlorolestes/Distributions/News/Odonata/OdonataMAP/Synlestidae/Virtual Museum

Drakensberg Malachite (Chlorolestes draconicus)

Posted on by Dragonfly Atlas: Megan Loftie-Eaton, Ryan Tippett, Rene Navarro & Les Underhill

Cover photo by Riëtte Griesel.

Find the Drakensberg Malachite in the FBIS database (Freshwater Biodiversity Information System) here.

Family Synlestidae

Identification

Drakensberg Malachite Chlorolestes draconicus – Male
Royal Natal National Park, KwaZulu-Natal
Photo by Riëtte Griesel

Large size

Length up to 59mm; Wingspan attains 76mm.

Within its restricted range Chlorolestes draconicus can only be mistaken for Chlorolestes fasciatus (Mountain Malachite). However, the Drakensberg Malachite is larger and there is virtually no size overlap between the two species. The two can be further differentiated by the yellow stripes on the upper thorax. This stripe is narrow in the Mountain Malachite and does not reach the wing bases. The stripes are broad and extend to the wing bases in the Drakensberg Malachite. In addition the Drakensberg Malachite does not have a form with black and white banded wings.

Click here for more details on identification.

Habitat

The Drakensberg Malachite frequents rocky streams with pools in high mountainous areas. The streams they inhabit are fringed by boulders, sedges, tall grass, and bushes. The Drakensberg Malachite also occurs along forested streams in protected ravines. The Drakensberg Malachite is only found above 1700m above sea level and is likely to occur to over 3000m.

Habitat at Royal Natal National Park, KwaZulu-Natal
Photo by Ryan Tippett

Behaviour

The Drakensberg Malachite is most often seen sitting on vegetation over the water, typically with wings outstretched. Also regularly perches on rocks in the stream. The Drakensberg Malachite spends much of its time perched but occasionally takes flight to capture prey or to find another perch. The Drakensberg Malachite feeds on small flying insects.

The Drakensberg Malachite is on the wing from December to March (See Phenology below).

Status and Conservation

The Drakensberg Malachite is uncommon and localised. Much of its range is protected within the uKhahlamba / Drakensberg Park. As a result the Drakensberg Malachite’s conservation status has been assessed as Least Concern in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.

Distribution

The Drakensberg Malachite is endemic to South Africa and Lesotho. This species has a restricted range in the Drakensberg Mountains.

Below is a map showing the distribution of records for Drakensberg Malachite in the OdonataMAP database as at February 2020.

Below is a map showing the distribution of records for Drakensberg Malachite in the OdonataMAP database as of December 2024.

The next map below is an imputed map, produced by an interpolation algorithm, which attempts to generate a full distribution map from the partial information in the map above. This map will be improved by the submission of records to the OdonataMAP section of the Virtual Museum.

Ultimately we will produce a series of maps for all the odonata species in the region. The current algorithm is a new algorithm. The objective is mainly to produce “smoothed” maps that could go into a field guide for odonata. This basic version of the algorithm (as mapped above) does not make use of “explanatory variables” (e.g. altitude, terrain roughness, presence of freshwater — we will be producing maps that take these variables into account soon). Currently, it only makes use of the OdonataMAP records for the species being mapped, as well as all the other records of all other species. The basic maps are “optimistic” and will generally show ranges to be larger than what they probably are.

These maps use the data in the OdonataMAP section of the Virtual Museum, and also the database assembled by the previous JRS funded project, which was led by Professor Michael Samways and Dr KD Dijkstra.

Drakensberg Malachite Chlorolestes draconicus
Photo by Alan Manson

The next two graphs shows how the occurrence of Drakensberg Malachites varies within the year, i.e. the phenology. There are only 11 records in the database for this species, so these results need to be treated cautiosly. The first plot shows the number of records in each pentade, five-day periods, which start on 1 July and end on 30 June the following year. There are two pentades with two records, in December-Janaury. The blue line is generated by a smoother, an algorithm which aims to separate the “signal” from the “noise”, and shows the pattern of seasonality for this species. The second plot shows only the blue line, and it is scaled to lie between zero and one, for easy comparison between species.

Phenology

This phenology plot for the Drakensberg Malachite is tentative (because the sample size is extremely small, only 11 records. It suggests a flight period from December to March. This is a species for which the quality of the phenology plot would be greatly improved by obtaining more OdonataMAP records.

Further Resources

The use of photographs by Alan Manson and Riëtte Griesel is acknowledged.

Drakensberg Malachite Chlorolestes draconicus Balinsky, 1956

Other common names: Drakensbergmalagiet (Afrikaans).

Recommended citation format: Loftie-Eaton M; Navarro R; Tippett RM; Underhill L. 2025. Drakensberg Malachite Chlorolestes draconicus. Biodiversity and Development Institute. Available online at https://thebdi.org/2020/02/12/drakensberg-malachite-chlorolestes-draconicus/

References: Tarboton, M; Tarboton, W. (2019). A Guide to the Dragonflies & Damselflies of South Africa. Struik Nature.

Samways, MJ. (2008). Dragonflies and Damselflies of South Africa. Pensoft

Samways, MJ. (2016). Manual of Freshwater Assessment for South Africa: Dragonfly Biotic Index.Suricata 2. South African National Biodiversity Institute, Pretoria

Similar Species

Mountain Malachite (Chlorolestes fasciatus)
Biodiversity/Chlorolestes/Citizen Science/Distributions/News/Odonata/OdonataMAP/Synlestidae/Virtual Museum

White Malachite (Chlorolestes umbratus)

Posted on by Dragonfly Atlas: Megan Loftie-Eaton, Ryan Tippett, Rene Navarro & Les Underhill

Cover photo by Desire Darling.

Find the White Malachite in the FBIS database (Freshwater Biodiversity Information System) here.

Family Synlestidae

Identification

White Malachite Chlorolestes umbratus – Male
Nature’s Valley, Western Cape
Photo by Andre Marais

Medium Sized

Length reaches 47 mm; Wingspan can attain 52 mm

The mature male White Malachite develops a whitish pruinose bloom on the upper thorax. They also possess smoky-black and white wing bands. Non-pruinose males and females have a metallic-green or brown thorax and abdomen. The thorax sides have yellow antehumeral stripes. These individuals are perhaps most similar to Chlorolestes conspicuus, but that species is much larger, and there is no overlap in size.

Both sexes are distinguished from other Chlorolestes by their small size, uniformly coloured pterostigmas and wing venation.

Click here for more details on identification.

Habitat

The White Malachite is common along forested streams and rivers. It favours areas of shade and dappled light. It also occurs at well-vegetated streams in fynbos environments. The White Malachite is usually seen perched over pools and calm sections of water.

Habitat – Vogelgat, Western Cape
Photo by Sharon Stanton

Behaviour

The White Malachite is an attractive species, mostly seen hanging from plants over the water. Mature males are conspicuous in the dappled forest light. The White Malachite is seldom seen away from water. Females are found in the same vicinity as the males, but are less conspicuous.

The White Malachite is active from September to May (see Phenology below).

White Malachite Chlorolestes umbratus – Male
Grootrivier, Western Cape
Photo by Ryan Tippett

Status and Conservation

Chlorolestes umbratus is a fairly common but localised species. Listed as of Least Concern in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. It is moderately sensitive to habitat damage.

Distribution

The White Malachite is endemic to the Western and Eastern Cape provinces in South Africa.

White Malachite Chlorolestes umbratus – Male
Marloth Nature Reserve, Western Cape
Photo by Ryan Tippett

The map below shows the distribution of records for Chlorolestes umbratus in the OdonataMAP database, as at January 2020.

http://thebdi.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/660080-White-Malachite-actual-records.png

The map below shows the distribution of records for Chlorolestes umbratus in the OdonataMAP database, as of December 2024.

The following map below is an imputed map, produced by an interpolation algorithm, which attempts to generate a full distribution map from the partial information in the map above. This map will be improved by the submission of records to the OdonataMAP section of the Virtual Museum

http://thebdi.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/660080-White-Malachite-inner-core-outer-core-and-periphery.png

Ultimately, we will produce a series of maps for all the odonata species in the region. The current algorithm is a new algorithm. The objective is mainly to produce “smoothed” maps that could go into a field guide for odonata. This basic version of the algorithm (as mapped above) does not make use of “explanatory variables” (e.g. altitude, terrain roughness, presence of freshwater — we will be producing maps that take these variables into account soon). Currently, it only makes use of the OdonataMAP records for the species being mapped, as well as all the other records of all other species. The basic maps are “optimistic” and will generally show ranges to be larger than what they probably are.

These maps use the data in the OdonataMAP section of the Virtual Museum, and also the database assembled by the previous JRS funded project, which was led by Professor Michael Samways and Dr KD Dijkstra.

Phenology

White Malachite Chlorolestes umbratus – Male
Grootrivier, Western Cape
Photo by Ryan Tippett

Further Resources

The use of photographs by Alan Manson and Jean Hirons is acknowledged. Other Photographs by Ryan Tippett.

White Malachite Chlorolestes umbratus Hagen in Selys, 1862

Other common names: Bleekmalagiet (Afrikaans).

Recommended citation format: Loftie-Eaton M; Navarro R; Tippett RM; Underhill L. 2025. White Malachite Chlorolestes umbratus. Biodiversity and Development Institute. Available online at https://thebdi.org/2020/02/11/white-malachite-chlorolestes-umbratus/

References: Tarboton, M; Tarboton, W. (2019). A Guide to the Dragonflies & Damselflies of South Africa. Struik Nature.

Samways, MJ. (2008). Dragonflies and Damselflies of South Africa. Pensoft

Samways, MJ. (2016). Manual of Freshwater Assessment for South Africa: Dragonfly Biotic Index.Suricata 2. South African National Biodiversity Institute, Pretoria

Similar Species

Conspicuous Malachite (Chlorolestes conspicuus)